During infancy and childhood years, the brain's development has the most rapid growth and is affected by the treatment that the child receives through abuse or nurture treatment. The distinction between what is right and what is wrong is learned during these early years; as well as the rewards and punishments that follow behavior. During the adolescence years, independence and the influence of peers increase. Juveniles try to have their freedom, but at the same time they try to be like an adult. This causes psychological stress and can be understood through the development of social cognition.
A Swiss philosopher, Jean Piaget, theorized four main periods that children progress through. These periods are the sensorimotor period, preoperational period, concrete operational period, and formal operational period. (pg 97-98). Family plays a huge role in influencing children's behavior. Socialization and moral values should be
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taught in the home as well in order for the child to contribute positively to society. Child-rearing rights and parenting practices also influence a child's behavior. In recent times in the United States, adult supremacy was well-known. This gave only the father rights and treated the child like an object. Spanking a child has been a debate for some time. Some believe that it is a form of abuse, results in the child having an increased risk of crime and violence and a higher rate of physical aggression. (pg 101). There are many factors that contribute to victimization and delinquency. There are five domains for risk factors that are related to delinquency and they are individual, family, school, peers and community. A few of the individual risk factors include early antisocial behavior, aggression, victimization, and cognitive and neurological deficits and disorders. Early antisocial behavior, including aggression is the most significant individual risk factor at predicting later delinquency. (Hess, Orthmann, 2013 p.104) Based on longitudinal research, delinquent behavior in boys occurs through developmental pathway. This developmental pathway occurs through the authority conflict path, covert behavior path and the overt behavior path. (Hess, Orthmann, 2013 p. 106) Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder are behaviors that exceed what is thought to be normal conduct. Antisocial personality disorder can develop if these excessive behaviors continue. Sociopaths and psychopaths are the names given to people that have this disorder. Other childhood disruptive behaviors include emotional/behavioral disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. (Hess, Orthman, 2013 pp. 107-109) The exposure of teratogens during pregnancy also cause the development of bad behavior.
Some of these teratogens include fetal alcohol syndrome and substance abuse. Also, early sexual activity and teen pregnancy are risk factors for victimization and delinquency. The exposure to violence on television and in video games have also been linked to children having delinquent behavior. Some family risk factors include divorce, incarceration of parents, poverty and poor parenting. Parent incarceration results to children being the highest at risk population. (Miller 2006; Whitaker and Buell 2007). Also, poor parenting results to children's bad behavior and leads to problems within the school and community. Some school risk factors that contribute to juvenile delinquency include dropping out of school, negative labeling by teachers and negative attitude toward school. Peer rejection and gang involvement are two examples of peer risk factors for delinquency. Also, some of the community risk factors include high-crime and low crime
neighborhoods. Protective factors help reduce the impact of risk factors and these can also be seen through individual, family, school, peers and the community. Some examples of an individual protective factor is self-efficacy, high IQ and intolerant attitude toward deviance. Effective parenting and good relationship among parents and the child are family protective factors. The peer protective factors and community protective factors include good relationships with social peers and low neighborhood crime. The Helping America's Youth initiative was started to help connect adults with youth through family, school and community by raising awareness about the challenges among youth.
McMahon’s “Inside Your Teenager’s Scary Brain” discusses how adolescent’s brains are delicate and can easily affect their development in a good or bad way, depending on the individual’s experiences. According to Jensen, a Harvard neuroscientist and senior neurologist at two Boston hospitals, “teenage years comprise one of the brain’s most critical periods of development”. She parallels her experiences with her own children with observations of teens in general. With new research continuing to surface, studies illustrate how susceptible juvenile’s brain are and how this could generate different techniques on how society, parents, and teachers handle them.
As every child grows up in a different environment, not all have a safe one to grow up in and as a result everything that surrounds them becomes apart of the clarity that their mind incorporates and becomes apart of that child 's behavior of way. In terms of brain development children or teens often listen, and see what is around them, it is also said, by researchers of the National Institute of Health, that in recent studies that were made that in teen years massive loss of brain tissue...
This theory is crafted by Jean Piaget (1896– 1980) and his work concentrated on seeing how kids see the world. Piaget trusted that from outset, we have the fundamental mental structure on which all ensuing information and learning are based and because of natural development and ecological experience, the mental procedures will have a dynamic rearrangement. Piaget's presumption was that kids are dynamic takes part in the advancement of information and they adjust to nature through currently looking to comprehend their condition. He proposed that cognitive advancement occurs in four phases, 0 to 2 years being the sensori motor, 2 years to 7 years the preoperational, 7 to 12 years the solid operations, and 12 years or more the formal operations.
Similarly, going along with the prior rebuttal of the importance of differentiating juvenile’s characteristics and actions of that of an adult, science is compiling more evidence of its vitality. Many adults can look back and reminisce about an action he or she did when younger and say, “Wow I cannot believe I did that.” Science has proven the reason behind that is because an adolescent’s brain has not yet fully matured. Tsui states “Studies conclusively established that the brain of an adolescent is not fully developed, particularly in the area of the prefrontal cortex, which is critical to higher order cognitive functioning and impulse control” (645). The facts of scientific research need to be taken into consideration when distinguishing
According to Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, children go through four stages of development which are sensory motor, pre-operational, concrete- operational, and formal operations. The second stage, which is pre-operational is the age where preschool age students who are between the ages of two and a half to four years old start to develop a sense of self. Between two and a half and three is the age where children start to develop stereotypes associated with gender roles as well as views of how the world works around them. Children who are in the age range of two and a half and four that are enrolled in a child care program are being exposed to various views about what is acceptable behavior for their
Swiss theorist Jean Piaget constructed the multi-stage cognitive-development theory, which suggests that as a child develops and explores their different environments, their brain is also developing, these advancements are characterised by different ways of thinking during the different stages (Lamdin & Lamdin-Hunter, 2012). Using John Bowlby’s theory of attachment in conjunction with Piaget’s cognitive-development theory, we can conclude that the secure environment formed from a child’s early caregiver type relationships allow them to explore these different environments safely allowing for cognitive development during early childhood and beyond. Between the ages of approximately two to seven years, a child enters the preoperational stage, a time in which symbolism is used to express sensorimotor discoveries and the development of language and the ability to pretend occurs (Berk, 2008). During this stage the child’s thinking lacks the logic that is typical of the concrete operational and formal operational stages (Berk 2008). To assist my own development my mother ensured I attended pre-school from the age of four to supplement my cognitive, social and physical development. This environment was stimulating with elements of play incorporated into each
How human children’s intelligence develops as they go through their adolescent stages in their early life has been a wonder to many researches and theorists. Jean Piaget is a stage theorists which means that he believes that there are a series of four main qualitatively different periods (or stages) that children go through in a certain and stable order and that any information or experiences that they gain in one stage is going to stay with them and prepare them for their next one. Piaget believes that children are active participants in their own development from stage to stage and that they construct their own mental structures through their interactions with their environments that begin just
Juveniles are not mature enough or developed psychologically, and, therefore, do not consider the consequences of their actions. In the article, “Startling Finds on Teenage Brains” by Thompson,
During the adolescent year’s children goes through physical and mental changes which could cause them to act deviant. Family support and good family structure is needed to help an adolescent cope with changes in their behavior. Other family crises such as parents’ divorce, death, and economics factor can trigger a child to act out differently as a mean to seek attention. Juveniles are not as good at decision making as adults, because they are young and does not have much experience in life they could make bad decisions that would make their life difficult. Youngsters do not think of the consequences of their action thus “they face deciding whether to engage in a risky behavior, such as taking drugs, shoplifting, or getting into a fight, in situation involving emotions, stress, peer pressure, and little time for reflection” (national academic press). Adults could think rationally where as children do not develop to think rationally between the ages of ten and seventeen thus children should not be punished as bad as an adult.
The Development of the human brains can affect our behavior in many ways. The teenage brain or adolescent brains does not process the
In this stage, cultural or values of the family members give children an important impact for their growth. Children are actively in different kind of physical activities, their muscle movement and perception is getting stable, they know how to use language and create creativity. They like to copy others as well as feel curious about all the things around them and started to ask lots of questions. In this stable stage, children started know how to use their physical ability to do many things such as hit their friends or scold people. Children will aways ask: Is it okay for me to do what i do? If they encouraged to do, and adult give them lots of chances to engage activity with freedom they will feel happy and initiative to explore the environment around them. In the meantimes, their language ability will improve speedy, they use language to get new information and the initiative stimulate children's sense of communication or
The two theories that will be discussed throughout this paper are Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development and Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development. The major themes and concepts of the two theories share both differences and similarities. Specific emphasis will be placed on the earliest years of life and will also be related to separation, individuation, and attachment theory.
“The influence of Piaget’s ideas in developmental psychology has been enormous. He changed how people viewed the child’s world and their methods of studying children. He was an inspiration to many who came after and took up his ideas. Piaget's ideas have generated a huge amount of research which has increased our understanding of cognitive development.” (McLeod 2009). Piaget purposed that we move through stages of cognitive development. He noticed that children showed different characteristics throughout their childhood development. The four stages of development are The Sensorimotor stage, The Preoperational Stage, The Concrete operational stage and The Formal operational stage.
Shaffer, D., Kipp, K., Wood, E., & Willoughby, T. (2010). Developmental psychology childhood and adolescence. (3rd ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth
He developed his own laboratory and spent years recording children’s intellectual growth. Jean wanted to find out how children develop through various stages of thinking. This led to the development of Piaget four important stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor stage (birth to age two), preoperational stage (age two to seven), concrete-operational stage (ages seven to twelve), and formal-operational stage (ages eleven to twelve, and thereafter).