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A Freudian Reading of Hamlet and Titus Andronicus
In 1900 the eminent Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud produced a seminal work entitled The Interpretation of Dreams which contains the idea that dreams allow psychic exploration of the soul, that dreams contain psychological meanings which can be arrived at by interpretation. Freud states that “every dream will reveal itself as a psychological structure, full of significance, and one which may be assigned to a specific place in the psychic activities of the waking state.” According to Freud’s original formulations dreams have two contents, a manifest content which is the dream that one actually experiences and a latent content which is the meaning of the dream as discovered by interpretation.
Literature can be thought of in the same manner, as a figment of the imagination whose underlying truth can be discovered through interpretation. A piece of literature may have a truth to tell but it can may remain hidden to us until such time as we interpret its signs. According to Freud there are three routes into the unconscious; dreams, parapraxes (or slips of the tongue) and jokes, and it is evident that psychoanalysis asks us to pay a lot of attention to language, in puns, slips of the tongue etc. This suggests how psychoanalysis is directly related to literary criticism, since both kinds of analysis focus on close readings of language. Therefore, by understanding Freudian theory, we can gain a deeper understanding of literature.
This essay attempts to discover how Freud’s psychoanalytical accounts of human nature can bring us to a deeper understanding of the family relationships at work in Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Titus Andronicus.
According to Freud’s The Interpr...
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...s, in Bevington, David Twentieth Century Interpretations of Hamlet. (New Jersey:Prentice Hall, 1968)
Kovesi, Dr S. Lecture handout ‘Titus Andronicus and Psychoanalysis’ (2001)
Shakespeare, W. Hamlet and Titus Andronicus in The Oxford Shakespeare ed. Olver, H.J (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982)
Information regarding Freud’s theory and works taken from website addresses
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Crete/4158 (General information)
http://www.freudpage.com/en-us/freud/psychotheory1.html (Classic Psychoanalytic Theory)
http://www.mii.kurume-u.ac.jp/~leuers/Freud.htmn (Psychoanalytic Theory)
http://www.geocities.com/~mhrowell/ (Psychoanalytic Theory)
http://fox.klte.hu/~keresofi/psychotherapy/index.shtml (Dictionary of Psychoanalytical Terms)
http://www.vuw.ac.nz/psyc/vornikFreud/FRONT.HTM (General information and Psychoanalytic Theory)
Shakespeare, William. "Hamlet." Madden, Frank. Exploring Literature. 4th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2009. Print 539-663
Shakespeare, William. "Titus Andronicus" The Norton Shakespeare. Ed. Stanley Wells & |Gary Taylor. New York/London, W.W. Norton Company,1997. 371-434
Lehmann, Courtney and Lisa S. Starks. "Making Mother Matter: Repression, Revision, and the Stakes of 'Reading Psychoanalysis Into' Kenneth Branagh's Hamlet." Early Modern Literary Studies 6.1 (May, 2000): 2.1-24 .
Schizophrenia has been defined as a mental disorder characterized by a breakdown in mental thinking and a poor emotional response. This disorganization hasn’t till now acquired a clear understanding of the mechanisms that lie behind (Harrison 1999) but researchers suggest an increase in the dopaminergic transmission in the prefrontal cortex coupled to an inhibition of the glutamatergic pathways, majorly at the level of NMDA receptors (Wen-Jun Gao). For more than 50 years, the dopamine hypothesis had been considered the mother of the theories of schizophrenia. Van Rossum first proposed it in 1966 suggesting that a hyperactivity occurring at the level of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway is the mediator of positive symptoms of schizophrenia (Seeman 1987). More research has flaunted a hypoactivity in the mesocortical dopamine pathway, which has been hypothesized to mediate the negative, cognitive, and affective symptoms of schizophrenia (Knable & Weinberg 1997; Tzschentke 2001). However, in the past two decades, hypotheses of schizophrenia focused less on the already established facts of the hyperactivity of mesolimbic dopamine neurons and under-activity of the mesocortical dopamine neurons. A major hypothesis of schizophrenia digging, to a certain extent, far from dopamine proposes that a combination of genetic factors converge on the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, leading to neurodevelopmental abnormalities in glutamate synapse formation and ultimately resulting in the observed hypofunction at the level of NMDA receptors. Knowing that NMDA receptors regulate dopaminergic neurons, the decreased activity of NMDA receptors may be involved in the abnormal dopamine activity associated ...
Shakespeare, William, Marilyn Eisenstat, and Ken Roy. Hamlet. 2nd ed. Toronto: Harcourt Canada, 2003. Print.
Shakespeare, William. The Three-Text Hamlet. Eds. Paul Bertram and Bernice Kliman. New York: AMS Press, 1991.
Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. The Norton Anthology of World Literature. 2nd ed. Vol. C. Ed. Sarah Lawall. New York: Norton, 2005. Print.
From long time, dopaminergic hypothesis of schizophrenia has got importance because of increased dopaminergic activity in subcortical brain areas associated with the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. In contrast to increased dopaminergic activity in the subcortical area, evidence indicates that dopaminergic activity is decreased in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenic patients (Perlstein et al., 2001). Reduction in dopaminergic D1 receptors and density of dopaminergic fiber...
According to the recent research from Biochemical theories states that schizophrenia is caused by neurotransmitter dopamine in the prefrontal cortex which is a chemical that transmits signals in the brain. On the other hand the researchers states that psychological factors is cognitive function such as learning, m...
During the transition from the nineteenth to the twentieth century, a psychologist named Sigmund Freud welcomed the new age with his socially unacceptable yet undoubtedly intriguing ideologies; one of many was his Psychoanalytic Theory of Dreams. Freud believed that dreams are the gateway into a person’s unconscious mind and repressed desires. He was also determined to prove his theory and the structure, mechanism, and symbolism behind it through a study of his patients’ as well as his own dreams. He contended that all dreams had meaning and were the representation of a person’s repressed wish. While the weaknesses of his theory allowed many people to deem it as merely wishful thinking, he was a brilliant man, and his theory on dreams also had many strengths. Freud’s theories of the unconscious mind enabled him to go down in history as the prominent creator of Psychoanalysis.
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U.S Department of Health and Human Services. (2009). National Institutes of Health. Schizophrenia. Retrieved November 28, 2013 from http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/schizophrenia/index.shtml#pub10
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...World of Hamlet.” Yale Review. vol. 41 (1952) p. 502-23. Rpt. in Shakespeare: Modern Essays in Criticism. Rev. ed. Ed. Leonard F. Dean. New York: Oxford University P., 1967.