A Comparison of Christian and Islamic Architecture in Spain
By the 6th century a Germanic tribe called the Visigoths, converts to Arian Christianity, had established themselves as the aristocratic elite. The Christians built many monumental basilica-plan churches. The Santa Maria de Quintanilla de las Vinas, Burgos, Spain and San Juan de Banos de Cerrato are two such churches that still remain today. In the beginning of the 8th century Islamic Muslims conquered Spain and ended Visigothic rule. They constructed militaristic and religious architecture including castles, watchtowers, rock castes, the Great Mosque, and the Red Palace. The remaining Christians adopted some of the Islamic styles and soon built upon a new style that ended up in northern Spain. Over time, Spanish architecture has become a blend of both Islamic and Christian styles, the northern parts influenced more by Christianity and the southern by Islam.
When the Moors, Islamic followers from Africa came into and conquered many of the previous Christian regimes that had been set up, they brought a new style of art with them. The southern portion of Spain, called Islamic Spain, occupied most of the land from the year 711 until 1492. Southern Spain is also referred to as Òal-AndalusÓ in Arabic. The Moors came to Spain around 711 and interrupted the Visigoths, capturing Cordoba and Toledo. They built three types of architectural structures in Spain; Islamic military, Islamic religious, and fortified palace structures.
The Moors built Spanish castles such as the Gormaz in 956 AD, the oldest and largest medieval fortress in Western Europe. The Caliph ordered the Gormaz to be constructed in Cordoba as a fortress to be used in attacking the Christian kingdoms in...
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...Red Palace. The Christians began to incorporate some Islamic styles with their own traditional styles and formed the Mozarabic. This style was forced North while the Moors stayed in the South. There is a major difference in the style of architecture, the main concentration of Christian architecture being churches, while the main focus of Islamic architecture was also churches, but just as importantly, defense structures.
Works Cited:
1. Beran, Bernard, "History of Spanish Architecture" London, B.T. Batsford, 1938.
2. Davis, Sean S., "Islamic Spain" Cordoba Productions, Inc. 1995. http://www.bethel.hampton.k12.va.us/spain/islamic.html
3. Stokstad, Marilyn, "Art History" Prentice Hall, Inc. and Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York 1995.
4. Whitewall, Walter Muir, "Spanish Romanesque Architecture of the Eleventh Century" London, Oxford U.P.,1968.
The Ottomans and Spanish built flourishing empires based on different philosophies from 1450 to 1800. The Ottoman and Spanish were two powerful empires during that time. During the building of the two empires, the Spanish and the Ottoman both developed similarities in their social, political, and economic structures. The Ottoman took control of Europe, while the Spanish saw it as easy to monitor new lands. The different tactics employed made the both empires flourish. For instance, the Spanish were not tolerant of religion. They conquered other areas with the aim of converting Christians to Islam, if they refused, they would be killed. On the other hand, the Ottoman leaders incorporated leaders of diverse culture
The Muslims and Jews of Spain during that time did not believe in Christianity. This became a conflict to Isabel uniting Spain. In fear, many Muslims and Jews had converted to Christianity but were suspected to have been practicing their own faith secretly. Isabel felt betrayed and it sparked the start of the Spanish Inquisition. “…establishing an Inquisition, expelling the Jews, converting or expelling the Muslims of Granada and Castile, and sanctioning the Muslims' continued presence in Aragon” (Myerson, 11). Isabel and Ferdinand continued with their plans to unify all of Spain by continuing effort to expel the Moors also known as the Muslims, who held some parts of Spain. In 1492, the Muslim Kingdom of Granada fell to Isabel and Ferdinand. Also, all the Jews in Spain who refused to convert to Christianity were expelled. Isabel felt her religion was the only true one and if she didn't rid them from her country then Spain would be ruined.
...nto consideration that Mimar Sinan was influenced by the construction of the Hagia Sophia, which could explain why they are similar in some aspects.
In 610 CE, Muhammad first founded the religion known as Islam. It soon spread out through the Middle East, North Africa, the Mediterranean, and Spain. Once Muhammad died, new Muslim leaders took over the Islamic Empire. Known as caliphs, they ruled the Muslim community instead of Muhammad. When Islam reached Spain, the Jews living there were affected in a positive way. The Jews of the Muslim world led a fair and comfortable life under the Caliphate, however, once the Caliphates were gone, the Jewish golden age was terminated.
Cothren, M. & Marilyn Stokstad. (2011). Art History, Volume 2, 4th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Learning Solutions.
Stokstad, Marilyn. Art History. New York: Prentice Hall Inc. and Harry N. Abrams Inc. 1995.
The Reconquista is commonly recognized as the time when the Christians rulers “retook” the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims. However, the significant impact the Reconquista had on the Jews living in Iberia is often disregarded. How did the standard of living for Jewish communities residing in the Iberian Peninsula shift during Muslim rule in comparison to the Reconquista and Inquisition wherein the Jews were living under Christian rule? According to several sources, Jews were tolerated under Muslim rule as their culture thrived and various cities such as Cordoba, Granada, and Toledo had large as well as prosperous Jewish communities. This changed overtime as by the 1300s, when Christians began to rule most of Spain, prejudice against Jews became prevalent. As the years passed, bigotry began to increase, the outbreak of the Black Death contributed to this discrimination because many individuals blamed the Jews for the plague. Subsequently, this hatred gained momentum in the 1400s whereby the Spanish Inquisition resulted in an abundant number of Jewish victims.
When walking around a city, you may notice that the architecture and art look similar to other works. Many of these designs have changed along the course of history and time whilst others have not. The designs that many people still see in society and day to day living is from two of the many cultures of the old civilizations, Roman and Islamic. The art and architecture forms from the Islamic and Roman cultures have many comparisons and contrasts between them. They, the Islamic and Roman nations, have both adopted from other cultures and have made their own discoveries in the art and architecture worlds. The Roman and Islamic architecture and art vary drastically from each other and yet have varying comparisons between the two.
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