transforming normal cells into tumor cells, p53 was regarded as the most prominent tumor suppressor gene [1]. P53 is a gene which signals apoptosis (programmed cell death) if a cell cannot be repaired due to an extensive amount of damage. As stated in the textbook, p53 regulation occurs by an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase known as MDM2 [1]. "Controlling the controller" is a statement that describes the molecular interaction where the presence of MDM2 targets the p53 for proteosome via degradation. With three
suppressor p53 has great importance in the prevention of cancer growth and expansion. Although cancer is the most spoken about topic and p53’s significance against it, p53 also has a hand in ischemia, neurodegeneration, and ageing. While this tumor suppressor seems to be very busy it also regulates the repair of DNA and death of the cell, just to name a few. The activity of p53 can be seen when binding to the DNA at target sequences for transcription. It was pointed out that the doings of p53 are not
Implications for Chromatin Structure.” Nucleic acids research 4 (1977): 3303-3325. Vilchez, R.A. “Association between Simian Virus 40 and non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.” Lancet 359 (2002): 817-823. Wang, Chih-Hung, et al. "Simian Virus 40 T Antigen Induces p53-Independent Apoptosis but does Not Suppress erbB2/neu Gene Expression in Immortalized Human Epithelial Cells." Cancer letters 137.1 (1999): 107-15.
middle of paper ... ... c, which leads to APAF1 activation, followed by CASP9 activation that can also activate CASP3 and CASP711. Studies have shown that the transduction of cisplatin-DNA adduct recognition signal occurs through pathways other than p53, including the following: AKT pathway, c-ABL, MAPK/JNK/ERK, and MKP1/CL10011. These other pathways are not covered in this paper due to page limits. Reference 8. Alderden, Journal of Chemical Education, 2006, 83, 728-734. 9. Chernyaev
Breast cancer is one of the most common and important diseases that affect women and ovarian cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer mortality in American women1. These cancers are triggered by germline mutations on the C-terminal of a gene called BRCA1 (or “Breast Cancer 1, Early Onset Gene”) tumor suppressor. The BRCA1 gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 17 at region 2 band 1, consists of 24 exons and encodes a multidomain protein of 1863 amino acid residues in human2. The
called tumor protein p53 (or p53). This protein is the tumor suppressor itself, it regulates cell division by keeping cells from proliferating too fast or uncontrollably. The p53 protein is located at the nucleus of all cells in the body, and it binds directly with DNA. Human protein p53 is a phosphoprotein; it has a very specific structure closely related to its function. The
If the levels of p53 are decreased, then the DNA is not being fixed or disposed of. In damaged radiation or chemotherapy cancer cells the gene p53 assists in their cell death (Porth, Carol, Kathryn J. Gaspard, 138). Therefore, if there is a deficiency in this p53 protein then DNA is not being fixed or disposed of and certain cancer treatments are not going to be as effective. With the lack of p53 protein there are many dangers. There is going to be an accumulation
Journal of Herpetology Limb Regeneration in Salamanders By: Marcos Alberto Methods of Writing for Biology Dr. Welsh – May 2, 2014 Introduction: On account of their unique anatomy and physiology, ecology, and behavior, salamanders make for the most fit subjects for many scientific experiments and research studies. More specifically the axolotl Ambystoma mexicanun is one of the most commonly used model organisms in developmental and regenerative studies because it can regenerate a completely
The unknown is commonly something that people fear, but what happens when intelligent individuals dare to uncover the facts within it? The answer to this question is that remarkable discoveries are made that change human knowledge, technology, and health forever. Possibly the most beneficial of these discoveries are the ones involving the betterment of human health. Doctors and scientists are often viewed as the most intellectual people in the world’s communities, but they are still human and therefore
Something that is unknown or unfamiliar is commonly something that people fear, but what happens when intelligent individuals dare to uncover the facts within? The answer to this question is that remarkable discoveries are made that change human knowledge, technology, and health forever. The most beneficial of these discoveries are the ones involving the betterment of human health. Doctors and scientists are viewed as the people with the highest intellect in the world’s communities, but they are
My sister, Kathy, was diagnosed with cancer in 2013. I was shocked because my sister was always the healthy one among all us girls, the type of cancer, Kathy called colon cancer, Cancer that forms in the tissues of the colon. Most oncogene mutations of indisputable normal genes designate proto-oncogenes. Proto-oncogenes determine the “excellent” genes that usually rule what cell do and the way typically it distribute. Once a factor mutates (changes) into cell, it come back a "hurtful" factor that
acquires a brown color resembling tar. Cancer is the results of a malfunction in cells. In the working cell cycle, cells that are incorrectly produced or are damaged will end up in the stage of apoptosis or cell death. If there is a malfunction with the p53 gene and it cannot recognize the damage within a cell, the cell does not go into apoptosis and is left to replicate. Over time the damage cells proliferate in such a great number and do not died resulting in a mass or “clump” of cells that is dangerous
Discussion The testis is more vulnerable to any exposures than other tissues because it has highly sensitive cellular composition of the spermatogenic epithelium and the high rate of mitotic activity (Queiroz and Waissmann, 2006). Production of number of sperms formed per gram of tissue in human is few times less than other mammals in terms of the. So, any factor identified in laboratory studies as a reproductive hazard is also expected to exert detrimental effects on the human reproductive function
CREB-1 (Ca2+/cAMP response element binding protein-1) Ca2+/cAMP response element binding (CREB-1) protein is a transcription factor that regulates cell growth, homeostasis and survival. A TM phosphorylates CREB at Ser111 in response to IR. This, in turn, triggers CK-2 dependent phosphorylation of Ser108 and CK1 dependent phosphorylatio~ ofSer114 and Ser117. The phosphorylation of Ser 114 and Ser 117 by CK1 renders CREB permissive for ATM dependent phosphorylation at Ser121 (Shanware et al., 2007)
die. If the tumor suppressor gene isn’t functioning or turns off, it’ll cause DNA mutations. Since the cell won’t be able to slow down cell division, it begins to grow out of control and keeps dividing. They can be from genetics, but mostly acquired. P53 and INK4 genes are examples of tumor suppressor genes. Proto-Oncogenes, or Oncogenes (when mutated) code proteins that helps cell division. If a gene is copied too many times or one gene activates the other, a mutation will cause oncogenes. Since the
Minireviews Draft Regulation of Cell Cycle and Cancer 1. Introduction All organisms are made of cells that grow by cell division. An adult human being consists of about 100000 billion cells. Dying cells are replaced by a large number of unceasingly dividing cells. A cell duplicates its chromosomes, segregates the chromosomes, and divides into two. These ordered sequences of events are called a cell cycle. 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Hartwell, Hunt, Nurse and 1998 Lasker Prizes
Introduction In the 16th century, rumors of the Fountain of Youth had spread like wildfire. The thought of immortality, and everlasting youth had fascinated many old, and young adventurers. Most Eukaryotic organism cells are affected by a biological process known as aging. Effect of aging may include the advent of illness, disease, and ultimately death. Death, this fear of end existence had enthralled many people on the quest for prolonged longevity. Therefore, how do we extend our lifespan? Where
An ordinary human body contains approximately one trillion cells and precisely 46 chromosomes in each cell. However, the human body can be altered by a genetic mutation. Over the course of history, genetic mutations have had a large impact on the human race. They have brought harm to numerous amounts of people. Cancer, in particular, is one of the most lethal diseases. Cancer begins when a portion of DNA inside a chromosome is damaged, causing a cell to mutate. Then, the mutated cell reproduces multiple
In 1970 Francis Crick published a paper in the science journal Nature on the central dogma of molecular biology, presenting the normal flow of genetic information, as shown in Figure 1 (Crick, 1970). Although many discoveries have been made since then, the main idea still stands: every organism uses its own DNA sequence to synthesize its proteins (Crick, 1970). In order to function properly, the genome has to be kept unblemished, any damage can potentially affect a protein’s structure, interfering
Title: Altered HOX gene expression in Breast Cancer Introduction It is a very fascinating thought that a single cell zygote contains all information required for the development of an organism. HOX genes called Homeobox are family of 39 transcription factors divided into 4 clusters A, B, C and D and are located on different chromosomes 7p15, 17q21.2, 12q13 and 2q31 (De Souza et al., 2010). HOX genes control the body plan of embryo along anterior-posterior axis and are expressed during embryonic