Cinchona and its Product--Quinine The bark of cinchona produces several alkaloids. The most important alkaloid, quinine, has certain febrifuge properties. Quinine was used in the battle against malaria since the 1630's. Of 38 species of cinchona, four species have economic value for the production of quinine: C. calisaya, C. legeriana, C. officianalis and C. succirubra. Cinchona, of the family Rubiaceae, is native to the South American Andes. It thrives best on steep mountain slopes in rich
The Balancing Act: Homeopathic Remedies and Allopathic Medicine Modern medicine has eradicated diseases such as smallpox, polio, and malaria in many parts of the world, preventing many deaths. Yet, with many emerging alternative practices, the American society is slowly becoming more reliant on alternative medicines with little scientific evidence. However, one alternative practice, homeopathy, is slowly becoming accepted by many physicians. Now that homeopathy is sanctioned by the Federal Drug
Strychnine Strychnine is a naturally occurring drug that exists as a colorless, odorless, bitter, and highly toxic crystalline alkaloid used in killing small vertebrates such as rodents, birds, and other pests. Barks and seeds from climbing shrubs and trees from the genus Strychnos contain the potent alkaloid, and the distribution of the plants occurs widely distributed in warm climates across Africa, Asia, and America. The Strychnos nux-vomica and Strychnos ignatii plants found in Australia and
Most people do not know that there are a lot of medical discoveries in the rain forest. Tropical rain forest help to balance the ecosystem and our human existence. For centuries, rain forest have supported medicines due to its rich medical plant life. This also saves many people’s lives. Most people wonder what Tropical rain forest are. Tropical rain forest are mostly to be found as warm, wet climates. They contain many species. Today rain forest cover very little as in six percent of Earth’s
What was the driving force behind European imperialism in Africa? Between 1500 and 1800, European nations had traded slaves, gold, and ivory along the west coast of Africa. In the 1800’s this had changed as European Explorers pushed their way into the interiors of western and central Africa. European presence in Africa was mostly about buying and selling slaves from local chiefs. Slave ships would arrive, trade their pots, cloth and guns for West African slaves, then set sail for the Americas.
between the nineteenth and twentieth century to aid the situation. In the year of 1820, a couple scientists by the names of Caventou and Pelletier were successfully able to separate and extract a breakthrough chemical from bark called cinchona, or quinine. Cinchona was a popular plant in the rainforest that contained
the environment, and other information surrounding this compound. The History In the middle ages, Antipyretic agents (for preventing or reducing fevers) were compounds found in the bark of white willow and cinchona trees. Alternatives to this were eventually sought for in the 1880s as the cinchona tree had become scarce. In the 1880s, the development of alternative antipyretic agents began to develop acetanilide in 1886 and phenacetin the following year. At this point in time, Harmon Northrop Morse
In the ancient and medieval time, antipyretic agents were only found in willow bark and in cinchona bark [2]. Willow bark was used as a pain reliever [3]. People were advised to chew on the bark in order to relieve pain and fever [3]. Cinchona bark was used for increasing appetite, however people also used it for common cold and fever [4]. When the cinchona tree started to decrease in the 1880s, people started to look for other alternatives [2]. During the 1880s, antipyretics
Chapter One: ‘’The physician’s high and only mission is to restore the sick to health, to cure, as it is termed’’ ‘’The highest ideal of cure is rapid, gentle and permanent restoration of the health, or removal and annihilation of the disease in its whole extent, in the shortest, most reliable, and most harmless way, on easily comprehensible principles’’ Aphorism 1-2 The word rapid is explained at first. The ideal cure
Medicinal Uses of Rainforest Plants It is estimated that nearly half of the world's estimated 10 million species of plants, animals, and micro-organisms will be destroyed or severely threatened over the next quarter century due to rainforest deforestation. Rainforest plants are complex chemical storehouses that contain many undiscovered compounds which are a vital part for the growth and development of the world. Therefore, we can only gain access and knowledge to these materials if we study
medicines used were essentially herbal remedies. A few examples of the medicines were “laudanum or paregoric (opiate tinctures), calomel (a mercury compound), cream of tartar and spirits of lavender” (Hedbor). Quinine, a crystalline compound made from cinchona bark, was used to treat Malaria. Malaria was a major cause of death during the Revolutionary War, “South of New England, malaria had a devastating effect on the population, particularly to newcomers to the climate, who had no acquired immunity to
be a cure to their issues. At the same time, judging from the words above, Europe also saw it as an obstacle, perhaps even a hindrance. Whether that is true or not, the article Technology and Imperialism quantifies, “Method of getting quinine from cinchona tree bark,” as well as evidence portraying the making of revolutionary weapons such as machine guns (Doc. C). With such technological advancements including a cure for a deadly disease, Europe had it’s opportunity to colonize Africa, and took it
What motives did Europe have to colonize Africa? Trans-Atlantic free trade in Africa was the biggest deportation in history and a determining factor in the world economy of the 18th century. Rule of occupation in the 18th century was the idea that a colonizing country must actually have roads, soldiers, and a working government in a country before it is considered an official one. Free trade throughout Africa was dealing with countries without restrictions; international trade left to its natural
therapeutic purpose and are changed to modern medicine like many modern drugs originated from plant source. Many of the life saving drug are isolated/extract from medicinal plant examples include Vincristine (Vinca), digoxin (Digitalis), quinine (cinchona bark), Atropine (Datura), Artimicine (Artimisia annua), morphine (from the opium poppy) (Vickers and Zollman, 1999). As per WHO the uses of herbal drug was increased day by day to two- three time more as compared to conventional drug in different
Conservation of Natural Resources Bharat Ratnu Resources are the beautiful gift of nature for human being and a primary assets to the nation’s economy. Resources are features of environment that have great importance and value to human in one form or the other. However, the advancement of modern civilization has had a great impact on our planet's natural resources with rapid increase of population, the use is also going to increase along with misuse of resources, thus disturbing its potential productive
facilitated by the traditional healers often involved everyone in the community. Indigenous African communities used herbs to prevent and treat health conditions such as viral hepatitis, malaria, and diarrhoea. Hepasor was used to treat viral hepatitis, cinchona was taken to prevent malaria and assegaai were used as an antidiarrheal, blood purifier and natural aphrodisiac. Plants were believed to have magic powers and were used symbolically in healing practices. Seeds, twigs, and leaves coloured black, white
song. This drug affects the brain by giving hallucinations, out-of-body experiences, and can cause physical changes, like losing consciousness and laughing uncontrollably. Finally, the last main drug artists had used was Heroin. Heroin is made from cinchona bark. It can be injected, snorted, and smoked. The effects can cause dizziness and confusion. Physical changes can be vomiting, headaches, slowed breathing, and more. This drug is extremely intense and can harm somebody really
tar heroin.” Purer heroin is becoming more popular on the streets. Most of the street heroin is “cut,” or laced, with other drugs or substances such as sugar, starch, powdered milk, or quinine. Quinine is a bitter crystalline compound present in cinchona bark, used as a tonic and formerly as an ant malarial drug. Most heroin abusers do not know the actual strength or content of the drug which puts them at a greater risk of overdose or death. Behavioral signs and symptoms of heroin abuse include lying
Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite that lives both in mosquitoes and humans; Wikipedia defines malaria as a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by a eukaryotic protist of the genus Plasmodium. It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of the Americas, Asia, and Africa. However malaria to me is a nightmare, it is scary as hell, very frustrating and intimidating disease that puts you down. In my village malaria is a disease that is common during rainy season
The widespread use of alternative medicine nowadays has driven scientists to study it and understand the reasons of the high demand for unconventional treatment. According to Zollman C, and Vickers A. (1999), complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) can be defined as therapeutic and diagnostic disciplines which are exogenous of the institutions where modern methods of treatment are exist and taught. Eisenberg D. (1993), defines CAM as “medical interventions which are commonly not taught at medical