not mount an immune response against them. Yet, there are some instances when this defence mechanism reverses and attacks the human body itself. This process, known as autoimmunity, is highly complex and is defined by loss of self-tolerance and the presence of autoantibodies or T-lymphocytes reactive with host antigens. Autoimmunity, although present in everyone to some extent, is the cause of a broad spectrum of human illnesses, called autoimmune diseases. Multiple factors are involved and the disease
Lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus) is an autoimmune condition that is characterized by systematic damages caused on the immune system by the body itself. The most affected parts if the body by this condition are, heart, kidney, liver, joints, and the brain. With these parts of the body affected, the entire body can end up being paralyzed or rather not working well. Lupus or SLE is commonly recognized by butterfly rush which spreads across the nose and cheeks (Magro et al. 2013). However, the most
Immunity, we have learned a partial overview of immune tolerance and autoimmunity in the section of immune responses. Immune tolerance is when the immune system tolerates self-antigens and does not attack its own body’s cells, tissues, and organs, whereas autoimmunity results in attacking its own healthy cells and tissues that could lead to various autoimmune diseases. I found Ian Mackay’s (2001) scientific journal, “Tolerance and Autoimmunity,” helpful because it provides an in-depth understanding of a
Autoimmune disease arises when a bodies own immune system inability to distinguish between the bodies one cells and foreign antigens. An individuals own body own immune system will attack against its own organs and tissues. The term autoimmunity was given to this inappropriate response. At first the thought that it was a result of the elemiation of self reactive lymphocytes during the development of bone marrow and the thymus. But then it was found that normal healthy individuals that had mature
middle of paper ... ...rders: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000816.htm Mizokami, T. e. (2005). Stress and Thyroid Autoimmunity . Thyroid, 1047-1055. Saranac, L. e. (2011). Why is the Thyroid So Prone to Autoimmune Disease? Hormone Research in Pediatrics, 157-165. Shoenfeld, Y. (2012). Sex, gender, and autoimmunity. Journal of Autoimmunity, J71-J73. Strieder, T. G. (2003). Increased prevalence of antibodies to enteropathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica virulence proteins in
Juvenile arthritis is an autoimmune disease. That means the immune system, which normally protects the body from foreign substances, attacks the body instead. The disease is also idiopathic, which means that no exact cause is known. Researchers believe juvenile arthritis may be related to genetics, certain infections, and environmental triggers. There are five types of juvenile arthritis: • Systemic arthritis: It usually causes high fever and a rash. Boys and girls are equally affected. • Oligoarthritis:
Environment, dietary and lifestyle factors play a big role in how rheumatic heart disease is spread. Most developing countries have a higher percentage of people how suffer from rheumatic heart disease because the poor state of the environment they inhabit. Dietary factors can play a role only due to insanitary condition in which food is made not due to the amount of food eaten due the fact that RHD is caused by a bacteria. Lifestyle factors contribute to rheumatic heart disease because most people
When it comes to being a veterinarian, there will always be opposing arguments to your own thoughts. Everyone thinks that they know best for their own animals even when you were actually the one whom completed the eight and plus years of schooling as well as gave yourself around $200,000 of debt to help their animals somewhere in the near future. Of course, it is their animal and you must respect their opinions and choices whatever those may be in the end. However, you can still guide them as
of myelin sheaths, impairing the development of the CNS in infants (Dror and Allen, 2008). Deficiency in infants can be due to vitamin B₁₂ deficiency in the mother or malabsorption of B₁₂. Malabsorption can be attributed to pernicious anemia or autoimmunity. Pernicious anemia is caused by the lack of intrinsic factor (IF). IF is secreted by parietal cells in the stomach and is necessary for B₁₂ absorption in the ileum of the small intestine.[However, a lack of adequate iron intake in the diet can
Autoimmune diseases afflict roughly 5% of the population of developed countries.1 That is to say, one in 20 people in Europe and North America already have a particular kind of autoimmune disease. By definition, an autoimmune disease is a malfunction of the immune system in which the body targets itself. The world has seen an increased frequency of many different kinds of autoimmune diseases in the recent past, and occurrences are steadily on the rise. The incidence of type 1 diabetes increased by
The deficiency of IgA (immunoglobin A) is known as the prominent immunodeficiency as compared to the other existing immunoglobins. It has been discovered that many of the individuals who are diagnosed with this specific type of immunodeficiency are most often unintentionally diagnosed when they are being treated for several symptoms at the same time. IgA (most plentiful isotype) is produced in two different subclasses. The functions of both are not evidently understood. IgA as secretions seems to
The focus for finding an immunological cure for diabetes mellitus type 1 should be directed to prevent maturation or cause inactivation of autoreactive T cells to halt the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. Inactivation of the autoreactive T cells can be accomplished in two ways. First, antigen presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, that present auto antigens can be modified to prevent maturation or expression of co-stimulatory receptor. Secondly, the T cell can remain in the naïve
Harpreet Singh Introduction: An astounding 347 million individuals (WHO-Danaei.G) are inflicted with Diabetes mellitus (DM), a type of metabolic disease that’s significantly influenced by hyperglycemia (causing individuals to generate high blood sugar) and can be characterized by the insufficient production or improper reaction to insulin. There are three different types of DM: Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational diabetes, all of which share common symptoms include polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia
Sex Itself: the Search for Male and Female in the Human Genome In “Sex Itself: the Search for Male and Female in the Human Genome,” Sarah Richardson begins her detailed analysis by considering the discovery of “odd chromosomes” in 1890 and their relation to sex. Concentrating on the experiments and methodology of five critical experimental biologists, Richardson illustrates the development of theories of sex determination. Theories of chromosomal determination of sex prominent at the time speculated
When I was a young girl I remember playing in the woods with my brother and sister. We accidentally disturbed a hive of angry bees, and we each got stung five to ten times. We all were crying and screaming as we were being chased back up to our cabin. Halfway up the hill by sister fell down because her throat started to close up. My mom fortunately heard us yelling and ran down to my sister with an Epi-pen. The bees were still chasing us, so after my mom stabbed my sister with the Epi-pen she picked
The aging process is difficult to analyze because of the way that the body’s organ systems work together. The breakdown of one structure will ultimately affect the function of others. The medical field of gerontology deals with examining the biological changes of aging, both passive and active, that occur at the molecular and cellular levels. This paper will seek to explore those changes, and the affect that they have on the process of aging. Aging as a passive process involves the breakdown of structures
development as abnormalities may result in the imbalance between cell division and cell loss. Another physiological process in which apoptosis play a major role is the immune system. Cells that are autoreactive are removed through apoptosis to prevent autoimmunity. [1] Apoptosis in Tissue Development Apoptosis occurs in developing tissues. It is one of the key mechanisms in the embryonic development of organs and structures in both humans and animals. Programmed cell death (PCD) is seen as early as mammalian
Arthritis is a joint infection sickness accompanied via crippling and bothering ache. The irritation happens when joint tissues react to a few variety of damage to the bones, cartilages and also muscular tissues, tendons and ligaments surrounding the joint. Arthritis may impact a number of joints. The soreness related to arthritis happens due to deterioration of bones and over-straining of muscle groups towards stiffness. Of the a number of forms of arthritis, the following are essentially the most
Diabetes mellitus is an abnormality in the regulation of the blood glucose and the storage of nutrients evidence by the resistance to the actions of the insulin or an absolute deficiency of insulin. Diabetes mellitus is classified into four clinical classes. Included are type 1 DM and type 2 DM. Other categories comprehend gestational diabetes mellitus and other specific types of diabetes and these can occur secondary to other conditions. The insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome is a problem
The case study chosen for this assignment is case study #2: Hannah is a 10-year-old girl who has recently been diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. She is a 4th grade student at Hendricks Elementary School. Prior to her diagnosis, Hannah was very involved in sports and played on the girls’ volleyball team. Her mother is concerned about how the diagnosis will affect Hannah. While discussing how the diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus will affect Hannah, information about the disease, symptoms