MATERIALS AND METHODS
Preparation of fish
Sea bass (underutilized fish) procured from the Ukkadam fish market were used in this study. It was thoroughly washed with potable water after removing scales, viscera and bones. The fish fillet was ground in a pulverizer and was then mixed with rice flour.
Preparation of rice-fish flour
The ingredients viz., fish paste, rice flour, water and salt were used for the preparation. The fish paste, rice flour and salt were mixed properly, adjusted to a desired moisture content by adding water. The levels of fish content and feed moisture content were 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% and 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% (wb) respectively. The flour then placed in a close vessel at room temperature for 2 hours to equilibrate before extrusion. The mixtures were then sieved using 0.5 mm mesh screen.
Extrusion process
Extrusion studies were conducted with a co-rotating twin-screw extruder (Model BTPL-1, Basic Technology Pvt. Ltd. India). The extruder screw and plycutter were driven by 5 hp motor and a variable speed DC motor respectively. The barrel sections viz., feed zone, compression zone and metering zone was fitted with a gasket to prevent the heat transfer from one section to another. Temperature inside the barrel was controlled with temperature controllers. The barrel temperatures considered in this study were 100°C and 110°C. The extrudate were packed in polypropylene pouches and stored for further analysis.
Physical properties of the Extrudates
Expansion Ratio (ER)
The expansion ratio was calculated as the cross sectional diameter of the extrudate divided by the diameter of the die opening (Ding et al, 2005). The diameter of the extrudates was measured using a vernier caliper Expansion ratio was calculated from ten randomly selected samples and the average value was taken. The expansion ratio was calculated as given below.
Expansion Ratio = D2/d2
Where, D- diameter of the extrudate, d-diameter of the extruder die.
Bulk Density (BD)
Bulk density of the material is the ratio of mass and the volume it occupy. The weight per unit length of extrudate was measured using an electronic balance. The diameter and length of the extrudates were measured using vernier caliper. Bulk density of 10 samples were calculated and the average value was taken.
Testing was performed at 23 ºC under the condition of 0% RH at 1 atm with the standard of ASTM D3985. Measurements were taken at three times and the average value was calculated. All specimens were conditioned at ambient conditions.
Die-forming of sheet metal has been around for thousands of years. Originally the metal was manipulated by hand and hammered into the depression, by utilizing crude grooves carved into wood or stone. This technique was used to make spouts, handles, and other forms. Since then, however; they have undergone a remarkable technological evolution. Mate-female conforming dies to create hollow forms by using hydraulic pressure or drop hammer pressure, changed die-forming forever (Paisin, 2013).
Payette, Peter. "Michigan Chefs Experiment with Asian Carp." Michigan Radio. N.p., 26 Mar. 2013. Web. 8 May 2014.
Milling offers the advantages of being highly precise and having much smoother surface finish (surface roughness of easily around 1 µm ) compared to powder bed fusion additive manufacturing (layer thickness in the range of 20 µm and above; surface roughness of 15 µm and above ). Flat surfaces and sharp corners can be obtained with CNC milling. Similarly, features such as threads and holes are more accurately created through
3D printing is primarily for rapid part prototyping and small-run production in a variety of industries. In the meantime, the term additive manufacturing has come to represent the use of 3D printing to create metallic components and final parts, differentiating from conventional subtractive manufacturing processes. 3D printing uses computer-generated designs to create build paths that reproduce a digital model through consolidation of materials with an energy source. The process typically uses a laser, a binder or an electron beam that solidifies material as it is directed along scanned over a pre-placed layer or the build path of material. This method has been used successfully with metals, polymers and ceramics. Metals are still in their infancy in terms of finished part production. Metallic parts produced with 3D printing frequently require additio...
The use of NaCI solution with low salt content as additive to preserve the desalted fish up to one month under refrigeration.
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perforated aluminium pans and sealed. The sample was purged with pure dry nitrogen at a flow rate of 50 ml/min. DSC scan was carried from 0-300 0C at a heating rate
The method used was a standard method for compaction test using a 2.5kg rammer outlined in BS 1377-4: 1990.
Have you ever watched a fish gutted, cleaned and a scoop of rice filled inside? If not, Tsukiji Fish Market should be your first stop. If you are in a mood for some fresh Sushi, then this will prepare you for some. Fish are placed in a small tank then fished with a small net before being gutted right in front of you.
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The Land of the Rising Sun, Japan, is an island located in the Pacific Ring of Fire. Surrounded by water, this archipelago is nearly 71% mountainous. The climate of Japan is fairly consistent creating a long growing season. Because of these specific geographic features, Japan’s culture has been impacted greatly. One of the largest sources of protein, for the Japanese, is fish. This source of protein is gained through the help of specific geographic features. As well as their diet, their source of relaxation and tranquility is made possible. Finally, a large growing season is promising as well.