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Aspects of homeostasis
Aspects of homeostasis
Aspects of homeostasis
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INTRODUCTION
Maintaining a stable internal environment, or homeostasis, is essential for the survival of complex animals. Living organisms must maintain a salt and water balance, and they must continually remove the toxic by-products generated by metabolism. Organisms have evolved a variety of strategies to maintain a more or less stable internal environment. In animals that have a circulatory system, the blood typically passes through excretory organs, commonly termed kidneys. In terrestrial animals, the kidneys not only play a major role in the removal of wastes, but are also the primary organs of osmoregulation. Kidneys are paired, bean-shaped structures which are present at the lumber region along the two sides of the vertebral column and are retroperitoneal in nature. Kidneys are covered over by a fibrous connective tissue capsule and are kept in position by renal fascia. Mammalian kidneys are metanephric in origin. Structural and functional units are known as nephrons, and there are one million in number per kidney. Kidneys receive blood through the renal artery, and the blood leaves the kidney through the renal vein. The blood entering the kidneys undergoes pressure filtration, ultra-filtration and reabsorption, leading to the formation of urine. Kidneys regulate internal homeostasis by regulating the fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. The major functions performed by the kidneys are filtration of blood, formation of urine, removal of non-gaseous N2 wastes in the form of urea, uric acid, and ammonia, regulation of fluid volume, and regulation of fluid and electrolyte volume leading to regulation of blood volume and blood pressure.
OBJECTIVES
• Study of anatomical regions of mammalian kidney (sheep kidney)
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... This pressure leads to filtration under pressure, which is known as ultra filtration. This filtration leads to filtration of the blood into blood filtrate and nephric filtrate. Larger diameter will allow the reduction in the pressure exerted by the blood on the renal blood vessels, leading to the proper filtration.
Q.2
a) With the rise in ADH concentration, the permeability of the collecting tubules to water
b) Retention of water leads to a rise in fluid volume and a corresponding rise in blood volume
c) Urine will be highly concentrated due to increased reabsorption of water
Q.3 In the following states, the secretion of the ADH will increase in the blood:
Reduction in fluid volume in the body
Decrease in the blood pressure of the body
When the person drinks less water
Hypovolemia, that is, the reduction in the fluid volume of the body
The kidneys are located in the posterior section of the retroperitoneal cavity and are small, dark red kidney-bean shaped organs in the lower part of the rib cage (Marieb, The Urinary System, 2015). They are undervalued organs considering how essential they are for the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis. The kidneys filter about 120-150 quarts of blood to produce about 1-2 quarts of urine each day (NIH, 2014). Blood initially enters the kidneys through the renal artery. It then flows into the segmental artery before moving into the interlobar artery. From the interlobar artery the filtrate enters the arcuate artery before branching into the cortical radiate artery, which feeds into the afferent arteriole, before passing into the glomerulus where it begins to filter out waste. The filtered waste is then collected by renal tubule. The tubules drain to collecting ducts and all of these components together makes up a small unit called a nephron. Each kidney has over a million nephrons (Marieb, Blood Supply/ Nephrons, 2015). They filter out wastes that run through different body systems via blood; the majority of that waste is nitrogenous wastes, toxins, excess fluids, electrolytes, and drugs. These waste products are eliminated as urine. While waste are removed vital enzymes, hormones, and water are returned
a) Urinalysis with significantly increased amounts of blood (via dipstick and sediment), protein, and leukocytes as well as slightly increased bilirubin and slightly decreased pH;
The largest component of the blood is the Plasma, a liquid substance made up of 91.5% water and 8.5% solutes that is responsible for over half the blood’s total volume. This liquid portion of the blood is vital for maintaining blood pressure within the body that helps capillary exchange. (Tortura 691-692). Cases of hemorrhagic or hypovolemic shock, a severe reduction in plasma is what triggers the body’s feedback systems, and compensation for fluid loss will stem from pulling of water from other
The pump is sensitive to the potassium concentration of the blood. When extracellular potassium increases the pump increases in activity and more potassium is taken up by the cell, when plasma concentration is low the reverse occurs. [5]
results in the need for more blood. Since more blood is needed to fill the
Tortora, G., & Derrickson, B. (2012). The cardiovascular system: The blood. In B. Roesch (Ed.),
rises and help to cool the blood then they contract in cold and help preserve
the gain or loss of water when samples of the tissue are placed in a
Healthy kidneys clean the blood by filtering out extra water and wastes. They also make hormones that keep your bones strong and blood healthy. When both of your kidneys fail, your body holds fluid. Your blood pressure rises. Harmful wastes build up in your body. Your body doesn't make enough red blood cells. When this happens, you need treatment to replace the work of your failed kidneys.
walls of the veins are permeable to H2O at this point, starving the rest of the
the left so that the concentration of H is more than Me and so the
This is when osmatic pressure comes and plays a key role in the movement of water across a membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration (p. 179). The osmatic pressure also helps with our sodium and potassium pumps found throughout the body. This helps maintain electrolyte concentration of the intracellular and extracellular fluids (p. 179). For the intake of water the main organ responsible would go to the hypothalamus found in the brain, it detects the pressure and allows the body to begin the process of thirst (p. 181). For excretion responsibilities we look at two hormones, Antidiuretic (water retention) and Aldosterone (sodium retention). In the same moments we can maintain balances, imbalances can also occur. Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretics occurs when ADH does not decrease in response to low serum osmolality causing fluid overload (p. 181). Another type is Diabetes Insipidus which occurs from a deficiency of ADH and excess loss of water during urination (p. 181). A patient’s daily weight gain and lose can tell you about the fluid status throughout the
Organisation is the most important element in management. Any organization is located and operated in the environment. Every action of all organizations is possible only if it allows its realization. The internal environment is the source of its vitality. It involves the capacity needed for the functioning of the organization, but at the same time can be a source of problems and even her death of the organisation. The external environment is the source that supply organization resources. The organization is in constant exchange with the external environment consequently it provides itself with survival. The main objective of this work is to consider elements of the internal and external environment of the organization which are in a constant
Kidney function as a filter for harmful substances from which we eat and drink. Renal function would be maximized if the urine osmotic force in the body reaches 1,000 to 12,000 osmosis ml / kg of water. With reduced water intake during fasting to practice, to achieve the targets in the urine osmotic strength can be achieved so that in the end will be good for kidney health.