Introduction
Why do some countries have free universal healthcare and others require their citizens to insure themselves? Why is it that in some countries the retirement benefit a person receives is highly dependent on the amount of work they have done in earlier life whereas in others there is not so much difference made between the elderly? Furthermore, why is it that in Scotland people get to educate themselves in higher level academia for free but The English have to pay thousands of pounds for almost equivalent service? All in all, they are bare citizens living on the same island, with similar culture, speaking the same language and having much the same living standards. It is hardly the case that tens of thousands of euros paid for education in US pay off significantly more than an equivalent degree in Switzerland where the tuition is several times less. So why is there such a difference? The answer, as argued in present essay, is ‘politics’.
The following work is tries to demonstrate that in order to understand a social policy a country has committed to, one needs to understand the ideologies that have become more dominant in a society. In order to make the case cohesive I have decided to look at one specific policy, higher education, and see whether the ideological influences are visible there. The essay comes in two main parts. Firstly, we will look into the classical division of ideologies and the work Esping-Andersen has done. Secondly, we construct a case seeing how the dominant ideologies present in Sweden, France and UK have resulted in a specific higher education system.
Ideologies
A policy is devised by politicians who have certain belifs on how a society must be governed. Politicians with similar belifs come toge...
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Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Heckmann, C., & Marin, I. (2013). EAG 2013 - Country note, Sweden. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/edu/eag.htm
Project-ICHEFA. (2008a). Higher Education Finance and Cost-Sharing in Sweden. Buffalo, NY. Retrieved from http://gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthigheredfinance/project_profiles.html
Project-ICHEFA. (2008b). Higher Education Finance and Cost Sharing in France. Buffalo, NY. Retrieved from http://gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthigheredfinance/project_profiles.html
Project-ICHEFA. (2008c). Higher Education Finance and Cost-Sharing in the United Kingdom. Buffalo, NY. Retrieved from http://gse.buffalo.edu/org/inthigheredfinance/project_profiles.html
Statistics Sweden. (n.d.). Retrieved January 25, 2014, from http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____32065.aspx
“The 10K-B.A. rethinks the costliest part of higher education – the traditional classroom teaching” (1); instead, there is a higher reliance on online and distance-learning alternatives to make the cost of higher education more affordable. Prior to publication of “My Valua...
The biggest question or dispute regarding the cost of higher education is finding the appropriate monetary and economical equation to determine the percentage of personal and public responsibility. The above debate has been in question since the 1800’s when Thomas Jefferson stated; "I think by far the most important bill in our whole code is that for the diffusion of knowledge among the people. No other sure foundation can be devised, for the preservation of freedom and happiness ”. Those important words that called attention to the importance of having an educated citizenry in order to preserve democracy are until this day, words by which legislator...
Ross, Andrew. “Mortgaging the Future: Student Debt in the Age of Austerity.” New Labor Forum (Sage Publications Inc.) 22.1 (2013): 23-28. Academic Search Complete. Web. 13 Mar. 2015
Fighting the cost of college tuition is a hot topic these days. As long as I can remember, tuition has always been a reason why most people don 't pursue their bachelor’s or even associate degree. Today 's society has changed students are fighting for grants, financial aid, and even loans to pay through school. In order to be financially comfortable in the 15th century a college education is a must. It is an everyday battle getting financial support from a college’s administration. Colleges need to be more affordable, obtaining funds less stressful, and colleges must enact policies that condone these principles.
Higher education in America continues to be critical for both individual success and the social and economic health of our country. More students than ever must rely on student loans to pay for a college degree, with the average borrower now graduating with over $26,000 in loan debt. The combination of high student debt and low earnings can lead to default, ruined credit and wage garnishment. The U.S. PIRG Higher Education Project is working to: keep loans affordable, increase grant aid to students, such as the Pell Grant, and lastly, making textbooks affordable.
United States. Joint Economic Committee. College Affordability: Tuition Tax Credits vs. Saving Incentives. 1997. Web. .
and by doing so, give each of them priority over other desires and organize. them into one system from which the ideal legislator tries to maximize. satisfaction for all citizens by manipulating and adjusting the policy for that society. The.
With the rapid growth of college tuition, it has become an important issue in higher education. College Tuition is simply defined as the charge or fee for instruction, at a private school or a college or a university. Most people agree today that college tuition is too high or that it needs to be completely dismissed. There are some however, that may disagree with the claim about college tuition and state that college tuition is necessary for college growth, and it’s primary purpose is to pay for college expenses to support the institution financially. Research shows that college tuition is too high and that debt has become a standard in America after attending post-secondary school.
Subjects talked about incorporate the advantages, costs and financial return of school training, examination for compensation of school graduates, and the ramifications of rising educational cost and falling wages for the estimation of school instruction (Abel, Jaison R., and Richard Deitz. "Do The Benefits Of College Still Outweigh The Costs?." Current Issues In Economics & Finance 20.3 (2014): 1-12. Academic Search Alumni Edition. Web. 1 May
This review will critique Claire Callender and David Wilkinson (2008) journal article it will unpicks ‘students’ perceptions’, of bursaries and what, if any, are the implications, which may underpin ‘decisions’ and ‘choices’ when deciding to attend university. Subsequently, the article looks at the effects of the National Scholarship Program (2012), whilst evaluating its effectiveness for undergraduates. As well, exploring government ‘reforms’ plus what effects these may have on student involvement in the higher education route, Callender et al (2008), furthermore, looking into how these changes influence student knowledge and understanding of the funding streams available to them. This report will compare and contrast
An ideology has 3 elements; an account of the existing order, a desire for a “good society” and a political plan to bring about this desire. Derived from the word “ideal”, when the suffix “ology” is added (ology being defined as “the scientific study of something”) we are able to understand that the term “political ideology” means to have an ideal political method to achieve a good society based on significant research (Cambridge Dictionaries Online). New Zealand’s current parliament consists of 121 members of parliament from 8 different parties and 1 independent MP. Each party has their own political ideology meaning they have their own perspective of what direction New Zealand should be heading politically. In my essay I will discuss to what extent do political parties in New Zealand follow an ideology based on individual policies from National, Labour and the New Zealand First Party. The specific policies I will discuss are National’s asset sales policy (National Party Online, 2014), Labour’s Affordable and Healthy Homes Policy (Labour Party Online) and New Zealand First’s immigration policy (New Zealand First website). These policies demonstrate clearly how closely each respective party follows their own clear ideology.
Many significant questions regarding higher education are in relation to its cost, raising fears that higher education has become unaffordable. Education fee for universities and colleges has continuously grown to become one of the largest expense for most students and parents over the years, especially with the never-ending dramatic tuition fee increases resulting from public funding cuts for education by the federal and state governments. Selingo (para 3) reported that higher education cost definitely has a direct impact on access, thus, the frequent increases in cost are logically of great concern to many, including parents, students, and education policymakers. In other words, this has disadvantaged the poor families, resulting in unequal education opportunities for Americans and putting attainment of higher education in danger of becoming a hereditary privilege rather than a right for all people (Selingo para 6).
Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS), which was introduced in 1989, replaced the previous no-fee approach by an income-contingent approach. The financing of higher education of the previous no-fee approach was from the general tax revenue, while the HECS system is charged based on the actual income if it is higher than a certain threshold. A significant modification has been made in 1997, and the HECS system became less generous to students.
Policy is also inseparable from politics, Lasswell (1958) describe the situation well when he stated that politics is about who get what’s, when and how in some political systems politics will also include the electoral processes, political ideologies, beliefs values, the policies of political parties, and issue agendas. However it is important to note that there are different political systems in which democratic ideas and systems that do not apply, the transparency and accountability in government processes, legal standing of the individual in relations to government actions and competing polities parties.
Higher education debate is a controversial and hot topic for politicians in the United States due to the price associated with higher education in the country. State lawmakers regularly worry about the rising cost of attaining a college degree, and lowering the debt burden to the student. Consequently these issues have been turned into a talking point during the presidential campaign trail. The pressure on the amount of tuition paid has not only been seen from the government but also from the families, which have shown reluctance in paying the high tuition fees. Public universities 'which have attempted to increase the fee' have come under heavy scrutiny despite the reluctance of the state to invest in higher education (Holmwood, 2011).