Name: Date:
Graded Assignment
Semester Part 2
Answer the questions below. When you have finished, submit this assignment to your teacher by the due date for full credit.
(5 points)
Score
1. What is Boyle’s law?
• State the definition of the law in words.
For an ideal gas at constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other.
• What are the assumptions of Boyle’s law?
Idea gas behavior for a fixed amount of gas and constant temperature.
• Write mathematical equations that represent the law.
P1V1 = P2V2
• What can be calculated using Boyle’s law?
Changes in pressure and volume of gases.
• Using a bicycle tire pump as an example, describe what happens to the gas molecules that behave according to Boyle’s
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Alpha particles are radioactive helium molecules released from alpha decay, 2 neutrons and 2 protons.
Beta particles could be either positrons or an electron emitted from the breakdown of a neutron.
Gamma Rays are very dangerous and radioactive energy emitted. It consists of high-energy photons.
• Explain how alpha decay works and how it causes transmutations.
In alpha decay an alpha particle is emitted, this causes the atomic mass to be reduced by 4 and the atomic number by two. This is called transmutation since the original element was transformed into another smaller element.
• Explain how beta decay works and how it causes transmutations.
In beta radiation a neutron is transmuted into a proton and electron, as a result of the emission from an electron, beta particle, from the atoms nucleus. Here the mass of the atom does not change, but the atomic number increase by one.
• Compare the transmutations caused by alpha and beta emissions.
In alpha emissions an element is transmuted to another smaller element whose atomic mass is 4 units less and atomic number 2 units more than the original one.
In beta emissions, the mass of the atom does not change, but the atomic number increases by 1
11C or more commonly known as Carbon 11 is a radioisotope of Carbon (tracer) which gives off gamma rays. This radioisotope decays to Boron 11 due to beta plus decay or positron emission. Conversely this change can be a result of electron capture but the chance of this happening is minuscule (0.19-0.23% of the time). Carbon 11 has a half-life of 20.34 minutes [1]. The equation of the transformation between 11C and 11B is shown below:
The development of atomic bomb boosted the level of understanding in terms of physics and chemistry of that particular time period. Physicists started to realize that stable nuclei can be converted to unstable nuclei. Through such process, they discovered that heavy nuclei can undergo nuclear fission. While testing, they added a neutron to an isotope of Uranium 235. This resulted Uranium 235 to become unstable and break down into Barium and Krypton, releasing two to three more neutrons. The breakdown of Uranium 235 is called “fission”. When the released neutrons attach to other isotopes of Uranium 235, this can result in a chain reaction of fission. For every generation of fission, the amount of fission is doubled, and this resulted in an extreme outburst of energy. The amount of energy released by this process is related to Einstein’s famous equation “E=mc^2” (Wolf).
The general chemical characteristic of gas equilibriums is when the concentrations of reactants and products do not change with time. This is known as the state of reversible reaction. At this state, pressure, density, colour and concentration can be recognised. At equilibrium, both the forward and backward reactions are still continuing because the rates of the forward and backward reactions are equal. This leads to the general physical characteristic of gas equilibriums which is the concentration of each substances become constant and the system is said to be at dynamic equilibrium. The equilibrium can be established in physical equilibrium and in chemical equilibrium.
Answer the following questions with information you learned in the document , your book, and through Internet research:
The Equation Of State These three gas laws that were proposed by Boyle, Amontons and Charles can be summarised as follows: For a fixed mass of gas pV = constant if T = constant (i) p/T = constant if V = constant (ii) V/T = constant if p = constant (iii)
he found the number of alpha particles emitted per second by a gram of radium.
This is going to be used as an example to show how the decaying of
How does the air pressure inside a ball influence the bounce height/vertical motion of that ball?
While all atoms of the same element have the same number of protons, it is possible for atoms of one element to have different numbers of neutrons. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes . For example, all atoms of the element carbon have 6 protons, but while most carbon atoms have 6 neutrons, some have 7 or 8. Isotopes are named by giving the name of the element followed by the sum of the neutrons and protons in the isotope's nucl...
The nuclei are ejected from heavy, unstable nuclei so as to remove excess protons and neutrons. However, the formed nuclei may still be radioactive in which even further decay will occur. Alpha emissions occur in nuclei with atomic numbers greater than 83. E.g 23892U 42He + 23490Th (both mass and No. of protons are conserved during the reaction)
5. In a gas increasing the pressure means molecules are more squashed up together, so there will be more collisions. My Investigation. I am going to investigate the concentration variable. I have chosen this because in my opinion it will be the easiest one to measure.
energy out of a nuclear reaction than we put in. First, the energy per fission
Boyle's law states that the volume of gas varies indefinitely with the pressure applied to it.
The process of changing of unstable nucleus into another element is called transmutation.The above phenomenon is called Radioactivity.