This report aimed to replicate Stroop's (1935) experiment. Using the
repeated measures design and a sample of 20 students, differences in
verbal reaction times on two tests were observed. The one-tailed
hypothesis predicted that it would take longer to say words in the Cc,
this is the conflicting condition where the colour of the word differs
from the colour that the word describes. It was found that, using the
t-test for related data, this hypothesis could be accepted as the
obtained value was much greater then the critical value. It can
therefore be concluded that visual interference does affect people's
verbal reactions.
Introduction
In 1935 John Ridley Stroop published his Ph.D. thesis entitled
'Studies of Interference in Serial Verbal Reactions' - the findings of
which became known as 'the Stroop Effect'. Stroop mentioned many
studies in his work but the two that are most relevant for this report
are Brown (1915) and Telford (1930), they conducted very similar
investigations into colour associations and colour recognition
patterns respectively. This area of research is known as controlled
and automatic processing, it involves studies into how humans cope
with divided attention such as multi-tasking. This could be anything
from the simple dishwashing and listening to music simultaneously, to
complex shadowing of continuous prose presented in one ear, whilst
also typing up a separate prose presented to the other ear via
headphones (Shaffer 1975). With their two-process theory, Shiffrin and
Schneider (1977) make useful distinctions between controlled and
automatic processing. They are as follows: controlled processing...
... middle of paper ...
...1930) 'Differences in responses to colours and their
names.' J. Genet. Psychol.
An Experiment on the Stroop effect and hearing,
http://www.ul.ie/~cscw/mikael/stroop.html
British Psychological Society Code of Conduct for Psychologists,
http://trapdoor.glos.ac.uk/ess/soss/ethics/appendix4.htm
Cognitive Psychology, Wadsworth CogLab online laboratory,
http://coglab.wadsworth.com/experiments/Stroop/
Neuropsychological Model of the Stroop Effect,
http://www.uwm.edu/~neuropsy/Strpmast.html
Neuroscience for Kids - The Stroop Effect,
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/words.html
Parametric Assumptions, http://www.sgcorp.com/normality_tests.htm
The Stroop Effect - Attention and Memory,
http://www.cgl.uwaterloo.ca/~bgbauer/chapters/stroop.html
The t-test, http://trochim.human.edu/kb/stat_t.htm
Responding is the third phase of the Tanner’s (2006) model based on the nurse’s initial grasp, interpretation and applying clinical reasoning to respond with evidence based practice. Based on the assessment it recognised that in Mr. Devi several nursing interventions need to consider, these are reported to the appropriate medical practitioner about deterioration in his condition. Mr. Devi condition was reported to medical practitioner using an interdisciplinary communication SBAR tool (Situation, Background, Assessment and Recommendation). SBAR is a communication tool designed for the clinical team to transfer clear and concise information about a patient’s condition (Cadman 2016). Recovering after stroke he will be referred to a specialist
When we are doing a certain task we may get a text or we have to check our social media because of our addiction to it. These things cause us to drift off from what we actually are focused on. Sometimes we may be doing something, like reading, and our mind will subconsciously drift off onto another topic, like what our plans are for tomorrow. Some people do believe though that if the two tasks you are doing use different sections of the brain that it is all right to multitask. The example Restak gave of this was “an example of the principle of cerebral geography: The brain works at it’s best with the activation of different, rather than identical, brain areas. That’s why doodling while talking on the telephone isn’t a problem for most people, since speaking and drawing use different brain areas. But writing a thank you note while on the phone results in mental strain because speaking and writing share some of the same brain circuitry” (Restak 422). While this may be true, we still are not dedicating all of our time to just one specific task we are working
Although correlation does not equal causation, we can conclude that similar cognitive processes, such as interference and automaticity, have influenced the results in our experiment. This can be expressed by the data and in identifying and saying aloud/reading a simple number compared to quantifying simple numbers. The cognitive load of reading familiar or smaller words is lower than that of counting, thus creating perchance a longer reaction time. In the experiment conducted in class as well as the one conducted by Stroop, the issue of divided attention may have been a great factor in interference or prolonged reaction time in the conditions. Psychological refractory period which states that the response to a second stimulus is slowed down by the first stimulus being processed; this can be a cause for the finding of increased reaction time when conflicting information is given. Attention may unconsciously be given to the less complex task, which is reading/identifying, and counting the main and more complex task may be interfered by the simpler stimulus. The expectation of having a longer reaction time when conducting the incongruent task was referenced back to the Stroop effect due to the similar implications of identifying and saying aloud the color presented in the print of the color descriptive word (Stroop,
The Web. 26 Mar. 2014. The 'Standard' of the 'Standard'. Kaya, Naz. A. Epps, Helen H. "Relationship Between Color And Emotion: A Study Of College Students." College Student Journal 38.3 (2004): 396-405. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection.
Darwin in 1872 put forth the notion that emotional expressions are inborn and involuntary displays of one’s inner state (1). Darwin developed this ideology further and proposed what is now known as the Inhibition hypothesis (1). This two pronged theory describes the relation of emotion to facial muscle activation, more commonly known as facial expressions (1). The theory states that (a) specific facial muscles can not be intentionally engaged when the genuine emotion is lacking and (b) certain muscles can not be inhibited when a genuine emotion is experienced - it has been noted that this emotion must be particularly intense (Porter and ten Brinke, 2008; Porter, ten Brinke, & Wallace, 2011).
...ge for task 3 was about 2.7 seconds less than our group average for task 1. By doing this lab, we were able to better understand the functions of the different parts of the brain. We used the occipital lobe, primary motor area in the frontal lobe, and cerebellum of the brain to complete the tasks required of us. These parts of the brain allowed us to sort cards based on our vision, being able to recognize color, shapes, and hand- eye coordination.
The serial position effect has been studied extensively for many years. Researchers have designed a variety of different studies in order to analyze and explain both, the primacy and the recency effect. The primacy effect is the tendency for the first items presented in a series of words to be recalled more easily, or to be more influential than those presented at the end of the list. On the other end, there is also the recency effect. The recency effect is the tendency to recall the items located at the end of the list. Many studies have been designed to analyze how the primacy effect works and its accuracy. For instance, research compared the primacy and the recency effect (Jahnke, 1965). Forty-eight college students read lists of 6, 10, and 15 English words in a counterbalanced order. Twenty-four of the students were given instructions for the immediate serial recall of the list; while the other half of students were not aware that they would need to recall words from a list. Both groups received a total of 12 different lists. The words were read at a rate of one word per sec without any emphasis on specific word. In addition to that, the participants’ responses were recorded in an interval of 30 seconds. Results showed that the recency effect is stronger for free serial recall and for a longer interval than primacy effect (Jahnke, 1965). When instructions were given for a serial recall, primacy effects were stronger and recency effect weaker than when instructions were given for free recall. As the length of lists increased, the recency effect became stronger and more accurate.
The trend of neurobiology and physiology predicting and causing behavioris not a new fact. So many illnesses and diseases are now attributed to biological mechanisms. A recent article in Newsweek comments on how those in the field of psychology and neuroscience are beginning to stress the fact that certain brain mechanisms account for mental illnesses and particular behaviors. Doctors seem to blame their patients peculiarities on a biologically based mental illness, rather then seeing them as individual responses to lifes circumstances (Begley 1998). It then becomes more common to prescribe drugs to alleviate the symptoms rather than understanding the behavior. Two recent developments have helped to strengthen the association of biology causing behavior. The first is the technology of brain imaging (MRI, CT, and PET scans) which search through the structures and the activity of the brain and find real physiological correlations with behaviors. The second is genetics. In recent years, researchers have found genes that seem to increase the risk of particular mental illnesses.
A popular subject within psychology is that of selective attention, particularly visual, auditory or visual and auditory attention (Driver, 2001). There are many theories of visual and auditory attention that provide us with a greater understanding of the ways in which humans attend to different stimuli (Driver, 2001), such as Broadbent’s (1958) filter theory of attention, for example. This essay will compare and contrast theories of visual and auditory attention, as well as discussing how well these theories explain how we attend to objects. The essay will consist of three auditory attention theories of Broadbent’s filter theory, Treisman’s (1964) attenuation theory, and Deutsch and Deutsch’s (1963) late selection model of attention; and two models of visual attention known as the spotlight model, such as Treisman and Gelade’s (1980) feature integration model, and the zoom-lens model of visual attention (see Styles, 2006). Broadbent’s (1958) filter theory of attention proposes that there is a filter device between sensory identification and short-term memory.
In its most basic form, communicating involves a sender who takes his or her thoughts and encodes them into verbal and non-verbal messages that are sent to a receiver. The receiver than decodes the messages and attempts to understand what the sender meant to communication. The communication is completed when the receiver transmits verbal and nonverbal feed back to indicate his or her reception and understanding of the message. This process takes place within a context; also know as rhetorical situation, which includes all that affects the communication process such as the sender-receiver’s culture, the sender-receiver‘s relationship, the circumstances surrounding the sender-receiver’s interaction, and the physical environment of the interaction.
The way the mind operates and function, and the mental processes are the two ways the mind is defined.
What is false memory? False memory is a psychological phenomenon in which a person recollects something differently than the way it actually happened or recalls an event that never existed.
A reflex pathway, or a reflex arc, is a neural pathway that is involved in the activation of a reflex. Reflexes are reactions that respond to stimuli. They usually happen without the sensory neurons having to pass directly through the brain. Therefore, reflexes are called involuntary reactions since they happen without a command. This allows the reflex action to occur quickly because the electrical signal can be sent to the spinal cord immediately without needing to go through the brain. The brain receives sensory input as the action occurs, but not before. The human body has lots of reflex pathways. However, if a disruption occurs in these pathways, the person most likely has a certain kind of neurological disorder that will make the person
The phenomenon of ‘Divided attention’ is the idea that an individual has the ability to divide their attention between two or more tasks (multi- tasking). Focused attention models such as Broadbent’s theory, Treisman’s theory and Deutsch and Deutsch model explains how all our inputs are focused on one task at a time, however it is clear from looking at everyday life that we are able to divide our attention, successfully being able to complete more than one task at the same time.
McClelland, J. L., & Rumelhart, D. E. (1981). An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: I. An account of basic findings. Psychological review, 88(5), 375.