The chemical history of trinitrotoluene, other wise known as TNT, Trotyl, 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene, 2-Methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, and C7H5N3O6, was first made in 1863 by Joseph Wilbrand, a German chemist born in Gießen, or Giessen, on August 22, 1839 and died on June 22, 1906 (he was 66 and two months from turning 67). at the age of around 25. He had created TNT, or trinitrotoluene by putting toluene, which is C7H8, through the process of nitration. 130 mg/L TNT is soluble in water at 20˚C. The steam pressure of it, at 20˚C, is 150 Pa to 600 Pa (about 0.001 atm. to about 0.006 atm.). When the TNT explodes, it travels 6700 to 7000 (usually meters per second, at a density of 1.6 grams per centimeter cubed. In a Lead (Symbol: Pb) block test, TNT’s result is 300 milliliters /10 grams. The sensitivity to impact is 15 newton meters, the same as about 11 pound …show more content…
T.N.T did not start or was used as an explosive at first, in fact in was used as a yellow dye. They used it to color everything yellow. They didn’t have anything else to color yellow with. It was the worst dye to use, though. The workers’ skin started to turn yellow. Your urine will turn red, looking like blood, but not the actual thing. Also, they were getting sick. If you were exposed to TNT, you had liver, blood, spleen, and immune system problems and started to die shortly after. Scientists looked at this and found out that it was highly explosive and it was convenient. It started to be used as an explosive, in 1902, by the Germans. It was difficult to detonate, but the Germans exploited it. They filled artillery shells, which can pierce through ship armor. Then, they shot at the boats. When it pierced through the boat, it exploded, thus exploiting the sciences of TNT. After they found this being effective, they began filling naval mines, bombs, depth charges and torpedoes with TNT and it has been really effective since it is used
Napalm and Agent Orange, two of the most morally terrifying weapons used in the mid to late 1900’s. These destructive weapons were most famous in the Vietnam War for inflicting fatal wounds and even deformities. In world war two, napalm was mostly used in tanks and incendiary bombs to destroy enemy ground troops. These were extremely effective and later used in planes like bombers. The word napalm comes from the combination of naphthene and palmitate, which are powdered aluminum soap. It was invented in a top-secret 1942 war research collaboration between Harvard University and the U.S. government, used to devastating effect in Europe and the Pacific in World War II most notably to incinerate 64 of Japan’s largest cities and in most major military conflicts after 1945, notably in Korea and Vietnam (Thompson). Agent Orange was later introduced in the Vietnam War. In the Vietnam War, the Vietnamese people there started with little of anything to begin with. The Northern people of Vietnam joined communism because they were
The Trinity Project was a project conducted to test the effects of a nuclear weapon. The Trinity nuclear device was detonated on a 100-foot tower on the Alamogordo Bombing Range in south-central New Mexico at 0530 hours on 16 July 1945. (Rohrer, 1995-2003). This project was organized by the Manhattan Engineer District (MED). This organization worked diligently planning and coordinating all of the logistics for the groundbreaking event. From 1945-1946 over 1000 personnel either worked or visited the test site. The United States was trying to gain nuclear proliferation throughout the world so this project was necessary for our enemies to see the devastation of a nuclear blast.
Atomic Bomb The use of the atomic bombs on Japan was necessary for the revenge of the Americans. These bombs took years to make due to a problematic equation. The impact of the bombs killed hundreds of thousands of people and the radiation is still killing people today. People today still wonder why the bombs were dropped. If these bombs weren’t dropped on the Japanese the history of the world would have been changed forever. The Atomic bomb took 6 years to develop (1939-1945) for scientists to work on a equation to make the U-235 into a bomb. The most complicated process in this was trying to produce enough uranium to sustain a chain reaction. The bombs used on the cities cost about $2 billion to develop, this also making the U.S. wanting to use them against Japan. “Hiroshima was a major military target and we have spent 2 billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history- and won.” (3) The bomb dropped on Hiroshima weighted 4.5 tons and the bomb used on Nagasaki weighted 10 kilotons. On July 16, 1945, the first ever atomic bomb was tested in the Jamez Mountains in Northern New Mexico, code named “Gadget.” The single weapon ultimately dropped on Hiroshima, nicknamed “Little Boy,” produced the amount of approximately twenty- thousand tons of TNT, which is roughly seven times greater than all of the bombs dropped by all the allies on all of Germany in 1942. The first Japanese City bomb was Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. An American B-29 bomber, named Enola Gay, flown by the pilot Paul W. Tibbets, dropped the “Little Boy” uranium atomic bomb. Three days later a second bomb named ”Fat Boy,” made of plutonium was dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. After being released, it took approximately one minute for Little Boy to reach the point of explosion, which was about 2,000 feet. The impact of the bombs on the cities and people was massive. Black rain containing large amounts of nuclear fallout fell as much as 30km from the original blast site. A mushroom cloud rose to twenty thousand feet in the air, and sixty percent of the city was destroyed. The shock wave and its reverse effect reached speeds close to those of the speed of sound. The wind generated by the bombs destroyed most of the houses and buildings within a 1.
1945, at a site 193 km south of Albuquerque, N.M. The first atomic bomb to be used in warfare used
been found that there are several isoforms of TnT some of which are found in
One of the first inventions but more so of a discovery was the idea of nuclear fusion. It was discovered by a German scientist in february of 1939. This led to the invention of the atomic bomb. The atomic bomb was only used twice both times by the U.S. near the end of the war first on Hiroshima then on Nagasaki(Atomic Bomb).
When the first bomb was made a site in Alamogordo, New Mexico was chosen as the testing ground. In order for the bomb to explode, all the nuclei of the several grams of Uranium would have to be split. A sphere of Uranium the size of a baseball would cause an explosion that equaled the strength of 15,000 to 20,000 tons of TNT. When the bomb had exploded there was a tower and the explosion had turned the asphalt around the tower into green sand, the sky was extremely bright and seconds after the explosion came a huge blast that sent unbelievable heat across the desert. Also, there was a huge mushroom cloud that reached the sub-stratosphere that was at an elevation of 41,000 feet. 10,000 feet away a soldier was of right off his feet by the force of the shock wave and another soldier stationed five miles away was temporarily blinded. The explosion was able to be herd 50 miles away.
The atomic bomb was first created in the early twentieth century. Physicists in the United States and Europe had discovered that the fission of uranium could be used to create a deadly explosive weapon. A letter was sent to U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt by Albert Einstein that described this discovery and warned him of its potential dangers if developed by other nations. The Manhattan Project was established by the U.S. government in 1942 so the country could develop an atomic device. A team under the command of United States Army Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves designed and built the first atomic bombs, directed by J. Robert Oppenheimer. This type of bomb was first tested at Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945. The amount of energy that was released by this explosion alone was equivalent to twenty thousand tons of TNT.
Military weaponry has developed over the ages branching from three main keys of destruction: nuclear, chemical, and biological attack. In order to understand the capabilities each hold in the present day, basic understanding is needed of how each was initially developed.
When a woman becomes pregnant, she is immediately known as a mother. The fetus being carried is dependent on his/her mother’s actions, behaviors and what she consumes into her body. The mother must be careful to not expose herself and her fetus to any dangers, for example, teratogens are a huge concern for her fetus to be exposed to. The two teratogens I believe to be fatal for a fetus to be exposed to are nicotine and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). Smoking and drinking while pregnant can cause many harmful affects and put the fetus’s health and safety in danger.
Gunpowder was invented in the 9th century in China,[4][5] and the earliest record of a written formula for gunpowder appears in the 11th century Song dynasty text, Wujing Zongyao.[6] This discovery led to the invention of fireworks and the earliest gunpowder weapons in China. In the centuries following the Chinese discovery, gunpowder weapons began appearing in the Muslim world, Europe, and India. The technology spread from China through the Middle East or Central Asia, and then into Europe.[7] The earliest Western accounts of gunpowder appear in texts written by English philosopher Roger Bacon in the 13th century.[8]
Livescience.com and Inventers.about.com both tell of how Nobel invented dynamite. He took Nitroglycerin, a very volatile explosive, and combined it with diatomaceous. Diatomaceous means, essentially, silica remains. After you combine them, it makes a paste. This paste is called dynamite. It is so malleable that it could be shaped into short sticks and put in drilling holes for mining. Nobel’s legacy was originally shaped by this invention of dynamite. Howstuffworks.com and chemistryislife.com ask people so, how does dynamite work? The chemical compounds of Nitroglycerin (4 C3H5(ONO2)3 = 12 CO2 + 10 H2O + 6 N2 + O2) and Diatomaceous (SiO2 Al2 O3 Fe2 O3) combine and make dynamite! Dynamite’s legacy doesn’t stop at it’s use, but on how it works. Dynamite’s work is independent from other explosives. So, according to mentalfloss.com, TNT and dynamite aren’t the same thing. TNT was invented by Joseph Willbrand. Dynamite was invented by Alfred Nobel. TNT is a less powerful but more stable version of dynamite. The two inventors of these explosives share different leadership and legacy. These two men’s history is very different from each other. Why did Nobel create
It became China's secret wespon. Gunpowder was first used by the Chinese at war to scare people off. Later, the danger of stand near the exploding gunpowder was realised, so they began to use it at war as a type of explosive. A banboo tube fil...
Compton, A. H. was the first one to put the theory used in electromagnetic bombs forward in 1925 for the study of atoms. The development of electromagnetic bombs was based on his findings. By the beginning of the 21st century, the United States and the United Kingdom scientists started to develop e-bombs. At the same time, some people warned that terrorists might be capable of building their own but much less complicated. Carbon-graphite coils were used to generate an electromagnetic pulse, which are used to build e-bombs. Carbon-graphite equipped rockets were used by the USA forces in the attacks on Iraq in 1991 and in 2003. Recently e-bombs started to be in the headlines, but actually the idea of EMP weapons has been researched and studied for a long time. Between the 60s and 80s, the United States was most concerned with the possibility of a nuclear EMP attack.
Nuclear weapons are explosive devices designed to release nuclear energy on a large scale and are used primarily in military applications. The first atomic bomb, which was tested on July 16, 1945 at Alamogordo, New Mexico, represented a completely new type of artificial explosives. Nuclear explosions involve energy sources within the core or nucleus, of the atom. The atomic bomb gains its power from the splitting, or fission, of all the atomic nuclei in several kilograms of plutonium. A sphere about the size of a baseball produces an explosion equal to 20,000 tons of TNT. This is a large amount of power for a nuclear weapon. The atomic bomb was developed, constructed, and tested during the Manhattan Project. This massive United States...