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Essay on life as a peasant in the middle ages
Essay on life as a peasant in the middle ages
Essay on life as a peasant in the middle ages
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The most intriguing article within the stimulating documents was William Stearns Davis’ “The Life of a Peasant” (Davis, 1922). Which offers an unaltered view of the lives of peasants in the middle ages. In his article, Davis introduces the idea of deadly bacteria through a description of the Black Plague, a disease caused by the bacterium named Yersinia Pestis. The Black Plague devastated the kingdoms of the middle ages. Yersinia Pestis was able to do this as at the time of its major outbreak, poor hygiene was commonplace, and antibiotics were non-existent. The question that stood out from the article was “To what extent, would it be possible for superbugs to create an environment today absent of effective antibiotics?”
Superbugs, bacteria
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Simple infections are no longer death sentences, however, immunities to these antibiotics are appearing. The use of antibiotics save lives by crippling the ability of bacteria to damage the human body, and antibodies act as a sidekick to the immune system when fighting off life-threatening illnesses. In “The Life of a Peasant”, William Stearns Davis (1922) focuses on what life would be like for the lowest tier of people in a feudalistic state, and he concluded that often in a world without antibiotics, people lose their lives to easily preventable medical conditions, regardless of whether they are a king or a peasant. Antibiotics are used to fight infections that could otherwise prove deadly. In a time before antibiotics, life was much more difficult for all involved. Before antibiotics were used, many died of simple cuts or scratches that later got infected. If action is not taken, superbugs could grow immune to all of the antibiotics we possess. Superbugs are becoming immune to the ways we fight them, which forecasts a world without the ability to fight these superbugs. In the article “Superbugs Causing Infections at a Tertiary Care Hospital and the Return of Pre-Antibiotic Era!” Kalyan Rajkumar (2016), associate professor of microbiology at King George 's Medical University, as well as his research team, discusses the prevalence of a strain of E. coli that is mostly immune to the majority of current …show more content…
Antibiotics are often used more and more often indiscriminately, as patients believe that they are capable of prescribing antibiotics to themselves without actual medical need. In the journal article entitled “The Responses of Medical General Practitioners to Unreasonable Patient Demand for Antibiotics - A Study of Medical Ethics Using Immersive Virtual Reality”, Xueni Pan (2016), a member of the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of London and leader of this study, found that patients were more often requesting antibiotics for even minor conditions, and doctors were feeling more obliged to prescribe these antibiotics to avoid losing their patients. The practice of overprescribing antibiotics makes us healthier only in the short term, as this strategy heavily invests in the present well-being over the future, which could possibly create problems. In the article “The Spread of Superbugs,” Nicholas D. Kristof (2010) writes about the effects of the infection of Thomas M. Dukes, who was infected with E. Coli that was nearly untreatable. This article points out the individual effects that superbugs can carry, and how finding ways to fight superbugs is an issue that needs to be addressed in the near future. Education could easily help the populace in identifying the existence of superbugs
According to USA Today, U.S. doctors are prescribing enough antibiotics to give to 4 out of 5 Americans every year, an alarming pace that suggests they are being excruciatingly overused. In fact, Dr. Aunna Pourang from MD states, “to give you an idea of how high the pressure is to prescribe antibiotics, I didn’t get a job once because during the interview I told the lead physician that I only prescribe antibiotic prescriptions when they are warranted.” The development and widespread obsession of antibiotics, or drugs that kill bacteria and thereby reduce infection, has helped billions of people live longer, healthier lives. Unfortunately, the more we rely on and abuse antibiotics, the more bacteria develop resistance to them, which makes treating infections that much more challenging and leads to the growth of drug-resistant strains of bacteria. Research from the Center of Disease Control found that two million people in the United States become infected with antibiotic resistant bacteria, while 23,000 people die from such infections each year. Americans often aren’t informed on the power of the human body and rush to assumptions when perfection isn’t present. In a nutshell, the obsession of antibiotics is quite deadly and needs to be addressed before it’s too
No other epidemic reaches the level of the Black Death which took place from 1348 to 1350. The epidemic, better regarded as a pandemic, shook Europe, Asia, and North Africa; therefore it deems as the one of the most devastating events in world history. In The Black Death: The Great Mortality of 1348-1350, John Aberth, compiles primary sources in order to examine the origins and outcomes of this deadly disease. The author, a history professor and associate academic dean at Vermont’s Castleton State College, specializes in medieval history and the Black Death. He wrote the book in order to provide multiple perspectives of the plague’s impact. Primarily, pathogens started the whole phenomenon; however, geological, economic, and social conditions
The Web. The Web. 24 Mar. 2011. The. http://liboc.tctc.edu:2058/ps/i.do?&id=GALE%7CH1420001374&v=2.1&u=tricotec_main&it=r&p=LitRC&sw=w> The "Plague".
Basically what I have tried to say in the previous two chapters is that there was no medicinal cure for the plague in medieval times. If they had antibiotics, however, there would have been very few fatalities.
It cannot be argued that the Black Plague was detrimental to every aspect of Europe’s communities. It was a powerful epidemic that wiped out a third of the continent’s population. Out of the midst of all its terror, however, positive after effects presented themselves. Some of these effects included revolutions in the church and society, eventually leading to the separation of church and state. Feudalism was also challenged as peasants demanded wages and revolted. Along with social changes came technological innovations, new inventions, and an attention to hygiene and the beginning of modern medicine. The plague may have devastated Europe, but it also gave way to a new era.
our everyday lives bacteria is constantly surrounding us, some of the bacterium that we encounter are beneficial to us but then there are the ones that are severely detrimental to our health. The way that they effect a persons body can differ from person to person. Many of the “microscopic foes” are very resilient and have a very fast reproduction rate. Not only do they reproduce quickly they sometimes seem to outsmart our immune system and not allow our bodies to fight the infection making it almost impossible to stop them. One thing that a lot if people rely on is the assistance of prescription drugs to get them better but even the drugs are not being effective and we can’t stop the pathogens from invading our personal places such as work, home, school, or anywhere. Even though modern medicine is advancing the pathogens could still get the get the best of us. The scary thing is we never know when the next pandemic or epidemic is going to arise. All it needs is some ordinary microbe to swap genes with a deadly germ to produce a “super pathogen” and it could happen to anyone, anywhere, as it did to Jeannie Brown who is from “our neck of the woods”.
In the middle of the fourteenth century, disaster struck Europe. A ravaging pestilence spread at an alarming rate through city and countryside alike. Beginning as a tiny spark in Genoa, the wildfire that was the Black Death enveloped nearly all of Europe, from Italy to Britain, in a span of about three years (C. Kohn, 25). Up to 38 million lives were claimed in less than a decade, distinguishing the Black Death one of the worst pandemics in human history (C. Kohn, 25). The disease behind this catastrophe has seldom been rivaled by another. But what was this disease? Many scientists and historical scholars believe this disaster to be the work of the bubonic plague, a deadly infectious disease caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis or Y. pestis (Nardo, 13). However, evidence has surfaced in the past fifty years to suggest that the Black Death was not, or at least not only, the bubonic plague. In truth, this epidemic was not the bubonic plague or any other single disease; it was two or more illnesses working in tandem.
"If something has a benefit, and no harms, then you should likely use it. But if something has no benefits and potentially real harms, then you shouldn’t. The latter is the case with antibacterial products". (Carroll par. 1) The users of antibacterial products do not realize the harms of such, harms which overpower the benefits. When the first antibacterial product, Penicillin, was invented in 1928 it was called a miracle. (Online Textbook of Bacteriology pgs. 1-4) Deaths and illness were exponentially reduced, and penicillin saved countless lives during World War 2. By the 70s there were many types of antibiotics, thus we thought we had “won the war against bacteria”. We had cured major bacteria like Tuberculosis, Salmonella, and Pneumonia. However, antibiotics were intended to be used sparingly to preserve their effectiveness, but we now use antibiotics for almost every occasion. (Eyes of Nye; Meat without Drugs) Problems have developed since the 70s, and will continue to grow if we do not stop them now. However, some oppose this notion and want to continue using antibacterial products on a huge scale. We must realize that anti-bacterial products are damaging the environment, ourselves, and antibiotic effectiveness. We are spreading harmful chemicals, creating superbugs, and are weakening our medicine. If we ignore this there might not be a positive outcome for this situation.
Can one imagine the world without antibiotics? It is probably a matter of concern on how we can utilize them to give optimal results and achieve its functionality. With the advent generation, the antibiotics face a huge setback. The resistance of antibiotics is not a fact that comes out of manufacture but rather how we use them. The issue of misuse needs more attention than any other moment in the history. People become more ignorant on the facts of antibiotic usage as the time progresses. The emanating treat of going back to the antibacterial era will come to reality if the trend continues.
Antibiotics, many would say, are a miracle drug, helping people to extend their life spans by altering the result of the bacterial infection. In the 1920s’ researchers speculated that the average population life span ages to be only 56 years old, now this number has increased significantly to 82 years’ old. Antibiotic resistant bacteria have become a huge problem because it is becoming more and more “smart” resulting in the bacteria to become used to the medication.
In 2013 Dr. Tom Frieden, the Director of Centers for Disease Control, stated the following: “antimicrobial resistance is one of our most serious health threats” (Centers for Disease Control, 2013). Antimicrobials are used to treat almost all non-chronic illnesses; illnesses caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. These illnesses are often communicable and can cause death if not treated. When bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, there are sweeping effects. More antibiotics have to be prescribed, which increases the cost of medication, lengthens hospital stays, and chance of death of the patient become higher. Action needs to be taken before as bacteria are become resistant to all major antibiotics. At least two and a half million people are infected with a antibiotic resistant bacteria every year in the U.S alone; at least 23 thousand people die as a result of the infections. Antimicrobial resistance is a complex issue, and action must be taken in many areas to address the problem and see positive results. Laws, regulations, enforcements, and economic environments must be created to promote rational use of antibiotics.
As we research deeper into the subject of antibiotic resistance we find there are a lot of interesting facts. First many bacterial infections and infectious diseases including HIV, gonorrhea, tuberculosis and many more are starting to become increasing difficult to treat using traditional antibiotics. About 90,000 patients die each year from their infections which has increased from 13, 300 deaths in 1992. People infected with resistant organisms have an increased likelihood of needing to go to the hospital and those who do will need to stay longer and might even require a more in-depth treatment. Antibiotic resistance is currently happening all over the world which causes new resistance mechanisms to form and spread everywhere. A high percentage of infections caught from hospitals are highly resistant infections are highly resistant infections. (1,
In addition, doctors are often pressured to move through patients quickly and sometimes, they give inadequate diagnostics by prescribing the wrong antibiotic. As a result, there is an increased number of resistant strains and bacterial resistance has grown more prevalent (Author Unknown, 2011). There have been several related studies, some of which study the threats of antimicrobial resistance to the public health (Wise, 1998). Other studies investigate the effects of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries and the intensive care unit (Kollef, 2001). Although many methods have been devised and tried, experts still have difficulty coming to a conclusion about how to successfully reduce antibiotic resistance. This is because antimicrobial resistance is a phenomenon that occurs because of natural
Medical advancements have played a huge part in human history. Since 1877 the knowledge of antibiotics has expanded greatly. Antibiotics are constantly needed and new developments are crucial to human society. This topic should be known by all humans because antibiotics can be the difference of life and death. This industry and it’s success alters the health of many humans. Things like polio, chicken pox and measles are no longer taking lives. As new sicknesses form we need new antibiotics to counteract the new sicknesses. If we allow the demise of this industry, we will allow the demise of human health. Antibiotics began in the laboratory through scientist’s discoveries. Then many strides and improvements during the mid 1900’s caused a change within the production. “These improvements came in the early 1940s when Howard Florey and associates discovered a new strain of Penicillium, which produced high yields of penicillin. This allowed large-scale production of penicillin, which helped launch the modern antibiotics industry.” (Romanowski ) The modern antibiotics industry as we know it is much different than it began. The first company to produce antibiotics as we know it today, was Pfizer. Their success really began when they mass produced citric acid through fermentation. Then, in 1941,