The Levels Of Processing Model
The Levels OF Processing (LOP) Model is an alternative to the Multi
Store (MS) Model. It does appreciate the idea that both STM and LTM do
exist however it does focus on the inter- related processes needed for
memory. It looks at the way information is coded and how likely it is
to be remembered depending on the type of coding.
* The LOP model was based on a study by Craik & Tulving (1875) who
tested participants on remembering 4 different types of
information. These were called "Levels of Processing. They claimed
that the level information is processed at, accounts for how
likely it is to be remembered. The 4 levels are as followed:
* · Shallowest e.g. Distinguishing between TABLE and table - which
is written in Capital letters? This requires very little
declarative memory. This type of information is only consciously
recalled at a very young age and once the procedure is learnt, we
do not have to think about the question being asked. Therefore
this is known as the shallowest level of processing.
* · Phonemic e.g. which word sounds like wait? - Hate or Chicken.
Here we are using our echoic sense to understand what the question
is asking, once again a very logical question.
* · Semantic e.g. which out of the following is a food - Cheese or
steel? This requires slight more intelligence as your mind has to
understand which one of the words is a food. Once your mind has
established the difference between the two items, it understands
that cheese is the food.
* · Deeper Semantic e.g. "He kicked the _ _ _ _ into the tree" -
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...* However the theory is not explanative of why deep inter related
processing is effective and suggests that semantic processing is
the only thing that affects LTM. This is very unlikely. Eyzenck
criticised the theory for having a narrow view of encoding and
proposed 4 general factors as an alternative, which affect
learning. These were the nature of the task, the type of material
to be remembered, and the knowledge of the subject and the nature
of the test.
* It is also very difficult to measure the accuracy of this
experiment because "depth" and elaboration" are such vague terms.
It was said that deeply processed information would be remembered
better but the depth of processing was how well it was remembered.
This once again depends on the inter- related processes used.
First, a brief background in the three dimensions of language discussed throughout this paper. The functional, semantic, or thematic dimensions of language as previously mentioned are often used in parallel with each other. Due, to this fact it is important to be able to identify them as they take place and differentiate between these dimensions i...
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The Effects of Levels of Processing on Memory PB1: Identify the aim of the research and state the experimental/alternative hypothesis/es. (credited in the report mark scheme) To show how different levels of processing affects the memory. “People who process information deeply (i.e. semantic processing) tend to remember more than those who process information shallowly (i.e. visual processing). ” PB2: Explain why a directional or non-directional experimental/alternative hypothesis/es has been selected. (I mark) I have used a directional experimental hypothesis because past research, such as that by Craik and Tulving (1975) has proved this. PB3:
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