In sybil attack, a attacker presents multiple addresses and behaves as if it were a group of nodes. There are, mainly, two different ways through which a sybil node can get an identity; stealing other node’s identity or fabricating fake identities. By impersonating a large number of nodes in the network, the attacker forbids other nodes from using those addresses, it can escape from detection systems. This attack can strongly harm geographic routing protocols, and can even threat multiple path routing schemes and node localization [18].
B. Sinkhole attack
A sinkhole attacker places itself at very strong status in the network and informs a high quality route to destination or spoofs neighboring nodes that are neighboring the destination. The compromised node at the sinkhole’s heart could then perform selective forwarding, packet dropping or data manipulation [19].
C. Blackhole attack
Blackhole attack is another type of DoS attack that generates and disseminates build routing information. As mentioned in [20], a attacker, exploiting the flooding based routing protocol, advertises itself as having a valid shortest route to the destined node. If the atacker replies to the requesting node before the actual node replies, a bogus route will be created. Hence packets are not forwarded to the certain destination node; instead, the attacker intercepts the packets, drops them and thus, attracts network traffic [21].
D. Grayhole attack
We now explain the gray hole attack on MANETs. The gray hole attack has two stages. In the first stage, a attacker exploits the AODV protocol to advertise itself as having a valid route to a destination node, with the intention of intercepting packets, even though the route is spurious. In the secon...
... middle of paper ...
...a flood of packets. Therefore, the victim node or sometimes the whole network can get easily paralyzed [24].
G. Wormhole attack
Also called tunneling attack, it is one of the most sophisticated attacks in MANETs. In this attack, a attacker captures data packets from one point in a network and tunnels them through an out of band channel to another attacker located several hops away, which relays them to its neighboring nodes. The tunnel between the attackers is actually faster than links between legitimate nodes, so the tunneled packets arrive sooner than packets through other routes. Therefore, the attackers are more likely to be included in the route and take an advantage for future attack. Detection of wormhole attack is generally difficult, and requires the use of an unalterable and independent physical metric, such as time delay or geographical location [25].
Sybil attacks are a threat to geographical routing protocols, since they require the exchange of coordinates for efficient packet routing. Ideally, a node only sends a set of coordinates, but under a Sybil attack, an attacker could pretend to be in many places at once. The Sybil attack can significantly reduce the effectiveness of fault-tolerant schemes such as distributed storage dispersity and multipath routing, and topology maintenance. Replicas, storage partitions, or routes believed to be using disjoint nodes could in actuality be using a single adversary presenting multiple identities. All of the techniques involve utilizing multiple identities. For instance, in a sensor network voting scheme, the Sybil attack might utilize multiple identities to generate additional “votes”. Similarly, to attack the routing protocol, the Sybil attack would rely on a malicious node taking on the identity of multiple nodes, and thus routing multiple paths through a single malicious
Kotapati, K., Liu, P., Sun, Y., & LaPorta, T. F. (2005). A taxonomy of cyber attacks on 3G networks. In Intelligence and Security Informatics (pp. 631-633). Retrieved November 11, 2013 from http://nsrc.cse.psu.edu/tech_report/NAS-TR-0021-2005.pdf
On September 11, 2001 terrorists crashed two American airline airplanes into Twin Towers, killing thousands of people. It was the worst terrorist attack in American history and it showed us that we are not protected by Atlantic and Pacific. It showed us that we could be attacked by anyone at anytime. It showed us that if we will be attacked again that we can only depend on each other and not on other nations to help us. The 9/11 changed people forever, some lost family members or friends, others lost their jobs even so called “American Dream.”
Although the large data transfers monopolized the services on the local network, the main network components still functioned properly. The impact of the knowledge management system They began to duplicate each other’s functionality. The messages began repeating each other in an endless loop until the network totally disabled.
At 2.40pm on Friday 21st July 1972, the first bomb planted by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) exploded outside Ulster Bank in Limestone Road, Belfast (BBC, undated). Over the next ninety minutes, 18 more bombs exploded around the city, whilst a further 2 were defused and 2 failed to detonate. In total, 9 people were killed, including 7 civilians, and 130 were injured in the attack that later became known as ‘Bloody Friday’ (BBC, undated). The PIRA were a republican paramilitary group that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland during a period known as The Troubles after the British Army was drafted in to help with rioting between nationalists and unionists in 1969. As nationalists, the PIRA believed that the ‘Six Counties’
With over 15 million views and a budget of $5,000,000, Insidious Chapter Two is a sequel to the horrifying Insidious Chapter One. Insidious Chapter 2 has been awarded the Fright Meter Award after being released in 2013, where it became the most popular and nominated horror film to be seen by audiences. The director, James Wan, presents an intriguing point of view about the horrifying supernatural world through the perspective of the Lambert family. With the careful selection of cinematography, semiotics and sounds/special effects, Wan was able to communicate a theme of family crisis leading to a loss of identity.
Roger Dingledine, Nick Mathewson, Paul Syverson. Tor: The Second-Generation Onion Router. Washington DC: Naval Research Lab, 2004.
The poem entitles Attack is a haunting poem describing the terrors and realities of warfare. It has an effective emotional impact on the reader through the way it expresses the negativity of war through its imagery. Seeing as imagery is a key aspects of the poem attack, it is what helps get across the strong message Siegfried Sassoon was delivering. Siegfried Sassoon’s use of colour to describe certain aspects of the environment, was very effective. He used colour to describe the sun.
Terrorism is a growing threat in modern times. Ultimately all activities need co-ordination and such co-ordination is facilitated by communication. Terrorist activities need communication as well as any other activity. In order to avoid getting traced, such communication can be done over secure lines on open public networks or hacked private networks.
attempt to force a network offline and unavailable to its intended users. This process is typically performed by flooding a network with communication requests until the server cannot respond to the traffic, thus making the server go offline and become available. This process is relatively simple to perform to the average person through online programs. Since it is so easy perform, it has become a rising issue simply because anyone has the ability to hack into various servers. One example in recent news of DDoS attacks comes from Riot Games, developer of the popular online multiplayer video game League of Legends. After a month of inconsistency with their server stability and frequent shut downs, Riot Games reported that within the l...
Troubleshooting media problems on a bus networks can be very tedious, since a break in the backbone will bring down the entire LAN. For this reason, bus topology is not considered one of the more robust network topologies, compared with star or mesh. A loose or missing terminating resistor can also bring down a LAN.
I think the threat of terrorism to the country can warrant intrusion into citizens’ civil liberties in order to protect the lives of the American citizens. However, I do feel their is a fine line when discussing freedom and security, but line needs to move back and fourth with the threat and intelligence gathered. With the current federal government stance and the USA Patriot Act, I think and feel this Act is adequate and should not extend any further into the civil liberties. It does the job needed in order to protect Americans, which is one of the main goals a government does, keep it citizens safe. I would be willing to give up a lot of civil liberties for national security, so long as these intrusions of privacy are effective in the combating the threat.
Without proper protection, any part of any network can be susceptible to attacks or unauthorized activity. Routers, switches, and hosts can all be violated by professional hackers, company competitors. In fact, according to several studies, more than half of all network attacks are waged internally. To determine the best ways to protect against attacks, we should understand the many types of attacks that can be instigated and the damage that these attacks can cause to data. The most common types of attacks include Denial of Service (DoS), password, an...
The downside of this technology is the potential for security problems. Intruders can see packets traveling on a network and can perhaps interpret them to obtain confidential information.
Due to the demand for the internet to be fast, networks are designed for maximum speed, rather than to be secure or track users (“Interpol” par. 1). The adage of the adage.... ... middle of paper ... ...