Title- Static Analysis of Steam turbine Casing- A Review Abstract Steam turbine is a device used to covert thermal energy (Steam) into mechanical energy, then after converted to Electrical energy. In turbine, casing is the main component as it hoses blades, rotor, nozzles and diaphragms. Steam turbine casings operates at very high temperature and pressure which results in large stress strain distribution. If the contact pressure is not attained then it leads to leakage of steam which further can cause explosion. In this contribution, a review on steam turbine casing under static loading condition is done. Introduction Steam turbine is most flexible mechanical machines and it can be used to drive even generators. Steam turbine can work at high temperatures. Turbine casing is essentially a pressure vessel which endures the high pressure of steam and supports all the internal components. Important components of steam turbine casings are shells, head, flange, bolts and inlet section. To endure high pressure, thick cylinder walls are essential but, to minimize thermal stress, there should not be rapid change in thickness nor asymmetrical Sections. The casing are either cast, fabricated depending upon operating conditions. The casing material can be iron, carbon steel, carbon moly steel, or chrome moly steel [1]. Since the stream turbine casing is subjected to very high temperature and pressure, casing will undergo fatigue damage. Fatigue is the phenomenon which affects mostly to moving or rotating parts especially in automobiles, reactors etc. …show more content…
Ramesh et al [1] Had created the three dimensional model of steam turbine casing. As the model is complex, so they made some assumptions to simplify the model. Assumptions are as follows • The casing material is assumed as homogeneous and isotropic. • Inertia and body force effects are ignored during
For the other material ASTM A216 Gr WCB same pressure of 16 Mpa is applied and the stress developed is approximately as similar to the connecting rod made with material of cast iron. Figure no. 9 indicates the maximum and minimum stress developed in connecting rod at small & big end. The equivalent stress maximum and minimum values are 71.347 MPa and 4.4955e-5 MPa respectively.
Alstom Power Turbo-Systems was awarded the Engineering Procure Construct contract for TRUenergy’s Tallawarra CCGT Power Station located approximately 20kms south of Wollongong. Their scope was for the supply and installation of an Alstom GT26 Gas Turbine c/w HRSG / Steam Turbine / Generator / Stack / Balance of Plant.
Pressure relief valves are used to safely contain pressurized gases and liquids. Throughout the years there has been an increased demand for safety in industrial and other related operating practices. These valves are one of the many devices that have been created in conjunction with standardized design and operating practices, for the provision of this very protection. In the past, vessels that now would obviously require relief valves were heated often resulting in drastic increase in pressure within the vessel. This resulted in an extremely dangerous outcome physically for all the parties involved.
A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. That nuclear power plant is similar to that of conventional power plant where the boiler is replaced by a nuclear reactor. As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity. In a typical nuclear reactor the reactor core acts as heat exchanger, as the heat is generated by nuclear reaction, the generated heat is transferred to the primary cooling medium which is heavy water (D2O). Outside the reactor core, the primary coolant exchanges heat with the secondary fluid (water) to generate steam to be used in...
Comparing the joints welded with two different heat inputs, concluded that the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and impact toughness of the welded joints decreases with increases the heat input.
Advantage of steam lies in the blatant heat liberated when it condenses on a cooler surface raising the temp of that surfaces.
...he principle numbers of Froude, Reynolds and Weber. Mathematical model predicts the heat and mass transfer in numerical framework for both transports phenomena of relevance to the industry continuous casting tundish system. Additionally, it has an excellent agreement outlet temperature respond the step input temperatures in the inlet stream of water in the tundish model. The simulations of 8x8 grid and 16x16 grid are applied to obtain significant difference between the TAV maps in which both grids are computed by software represent the specific flow of the fluid in the model and the steel caster as the actual size system. Therefore, the physical and mathematical modeling is used as a guidance to build a model before the prototype is constructed in terms of calculation, measurement and determination of specific fluid flow, heat and mass transfer in the water model.
Journal bearings are some of the most important machine elements used in industrial applications. They are widely used in IC engines, steam and gas turbines, pumps, compressors, etc. When well designed and maintained, they have benefits of supporting high load carrying capacity with a wide range of speeds and unlimited life in comparison with the expense and limited life of ball and roller bearings. Cylindrical journal bearing normally consists of a journal supported by a simple sleeve and sufficient supply of lubricant. The circular hydrodynamic journal bearing becomes noncircular when it was subjected to the wear due to successive starts and stops for a long period of work. This local variation in geometry of the
A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy. If the mechanical energy is used to produce electricity, the device may be called a wind generator, wind charger or wind turbine. If the mechanical energy is used to drive machinery, such as for grinding grain or pumping water, the device is called a windmill or wind pump (Niki 2007). Today modern wind turbines typically have three blades. The blades are usually colored light gray to blend in with the clouds and range in length from 20 to 40 meters or more. The tubular steel towers range from 60 to 90 meters tall. The blades rotate at 10-22 revolutions per minute. At 22 rotations per minute the tip speed exceeds 91 meters per second (Rosenbloom, 2006). The modern horizontal-axis, three-bladed wind turbine can be divided into three main components. First, the rotor component, which includes the blades for converting wind energy to low speed rotational energy. Second is the generator component, which includes the electric generator, the control electronics, and most likely a gearbox component for converting the low speed incoming rotation to high speed rotation suitable for generating electricity. The control system engages protective features to avoid damage at high wind speeds. Finally, the structural support component includes the tower and rotor yaw mechanism that turns the turbine towards the wind. (Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 2006)
Socket Weld flanges were firstly developed for use on small-size high pressure piping. Their static strength is equal to Slip On flanges, but their fatigue strength 50% more than double-welded Slip On flanges. The connection with the pipe is done with only 1 fillet weld, at the outside of the flange. But before welding, a space must be created between flange or fitting and pipe. The purpose for the bottoming clearance in a socket weld is usually to minimise the residual stress at the root of the weld that could occur during solidification of the weld metal. The disadvantage of this flange is the gap, that must be made. By corrosive products, and mainly in stainless steel pipe systems, the crack between pipe and flange can have corrosion
Sources for this paper have been literature, the Annual Report 2003, further Bosch publications and internet sources.
After the condensation process is finished and the steam reverts back to water, it is pumped into the reactor again, thus completing the process of producing nuclear-based power. Next, hydro-electricity is electricity produced by moving water, flowing past a turbine connected to a generator (“Hydropower”). According to Nationalgeographic.com, a typical hydro-plant is a system with three parts: an electric plant where electricity is produced, a dam that can be opened or closed to control water flow, and a reservoir where water can be stored.... ... middle of paper ... ...
Low-powered engines are utilized to power toys and models, and applications in speciality items like steam clocks. The existence of numerous stages involving power delivery and heat source has supposed that it has constantly been complicated to get a weight-power ratio anywhere close to that accessible from central ignition engines; this has particularly made steam aircrafts enormously uncommon. Comparable contemplations have intended that steam applications (small and medium) have been mainly outdated by electric motors that have specified steam engines as a non-operational representation. On the other hand, it is imperative to bear in mind that power supplied to the electric network is generated, for the most part, by means of steam turbine deposits, so that circuitously the world's manufacturing is still reliant on steam power. Contemporary concerns with reference to pollution and fuel sources have prompted a transformed awareness in steam as a constituent of cogeneration procedures and as a most important transporter - this is turning out to be acknowledged as Advanced Steam progress.
Autoclave processing is widely used for producing high quality thermoset composites, these are used in various industries to process a wide variety of thermoset and thermoplastic materials [10]. Almost any shape of the composite parts can be cured in autoclaves as the gas pressure is applied isostatically, the only limitations is the size of the autoclave and require high capital to install autoclaves. Autoclaves are normally pressurized with inert gas like nitrogen or carbon dioxide and air, but air is prone to danger of a fire within the autoclave during the elevated cure temperatures. It is observed that the heated pressurized gas strikes the front door and flow back down the center of the vessel to heat the part, as the gas strikes the door it produces considerable turbulence in the gas flow which results in higher velocities and stabilizes as it flows towards the rear of the autoclave.
A steam turbine's two main parts are the cylinder and the rotor. As the steam passes through the fixed blades or nozzles it expands and its velocity increases. The high-velocity jet of steam strikes the first set of moving blades. The kinetic energy of the steam changes into mechanical energy, causing the shaft to rotate. The steam then enters the next set of fixed blades and strikes the next row of moving blades. As the steam flows through the turbine, its pressure and temperature decreases, while its volume increases. The decrease in pressure and temperature occurs as the steam transmits energy to the shaft and performs work. After passing through the last turbine stage, the steam exhausts into the condenser or process steam system. The kinetic energy of the steam changes into mechanical erringly through the impact (impulse) or reaction of the steam against the blades.