Heat transfer from high temperature heated surfaces finds considerable application in engineering. Because of its large number of applications in industries, considerable efforts have been made by researchers to investigate various aspects of the heat transfer and its fundamental principles involved. Fluid flow problems involving heat transfer viz. in presence of convention and radiation represents an idealization of many meaningful problems in engineering practice. Due to the presence of higher level of temperature required in many system like boiler, nuclear reactor; the effect of radiation heat transfer increases. So, there becomes a need of including radiative effect of the participating medium and also their boundary conditions. Keeping this in mind, an attempt was made to investigate the heat transfer in the Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (IPHWR) during Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) with low steam flow. This study will help in estimating the safe working limits for the heat dissipation in the reactor.
A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. That nuclear power plant is similar to that of conventional power plant where the boiler is replaced by a nuclear reactor. As is typical in all conventional thermal power stations the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity. In a typical nuclear reactor the reactor core acts as heat exchanger, as the heat is generated by nuclear reaction, the generated heat is transferred to the primary cooling medium which is heavy water (D2O). Outside the reactor core, the primary coolant exchanges heat with the secondary fluid (water) to generate steam to be used in...
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...appen at a time (Gopal et al., 2010).
India’s current Nuclear Power Plant program is based on long term objectives and availability of resources as well as infrastructure for their self-dependence and energy security for long term and efficient working (Bajaj et al., 2006). An in-depth study is always required to be done to avoid any possibilities of accidents related to nuclear hazard. Though, the occurrence of accidents has a very low probability, but still they do have consequences on nuclear fuel degradation. Hence there is a need for the safety analysis of IPHWR in case of LOCA.
Numerical investigation has been carried out to study about the temperature distribution of the reactor channel under LOCA with fuel rods deformed and undeformed under high temperature heat transfer. The numerical work of simulation would be done in commercial CFD software ANSYS 14.0.
Moving parts are only is the pump, which is a small part of the System. Hence operation is smooth.
Investigating Heat Loss From a Container Planning We are investigating heat loss from a container and how it is affected. We could change: Room temperature Surface area Amount of water Use a lid Insulate around it Colour of tin We could measure / observe: Amount of time Temperature We will change: Surface area We will measure / observe: Temperature (every minute for 5 minutes) Our question is: Does surface area effect the rate of heat loss? We will keep these the same: Colour of tin Room temperature Amount of water Use a lid Insulate around it Preliminary investigation = == ==
Nuclear energy is produced during the process named nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. The development of nuclear energy started in the 20th century and there is now worldwide recognition for using nuclear energy. Popular countries that operates nuclear power are United States, France, Japan, and Russia, the nuclear energy generates up to 6% of the world’s electricity supplies. Even though the energy is mostly used by many countries, but it may causes side effect to the living things in the environment. (WNA, 2012)
The objective of this experiment was to identify a metal based on its specific heat using calorimetry. The unknown metals specific heat was measured in two different settings, room temperature water and cold water. Using two different temperatures of water would prove that the specific heat remained constant. The heated metal was placed into the two different water temperatures during two separate trials, and then the measurements were recorded. Through the measurements taken and plugged into the equation, two specific heats were found. Taking the two specific heats and averaging them, it was then that
Nuclear power has always been a controversial issue because of its inherent danger and the amount of waste that the plants produce. Once considered a relatively safe form for generating energy, nuclear power has caused more problems than it has solved. While it has reduced the amount of traditional natural resources (fossil fuels), used to generate power like coal, wood, and oil, nuclear generating plants have become anachronisms. Maintaining them and keeping them safe has become a problem of immense proportion. As the plants age and other technology becomes available, what to do with these “eyesores” is a consuming issue for many government agencies and environmental groups. No one knows what to do about the problem and in many areas of the world, another nuclear meltdown is an accident waiting to happen. Despite a vast array of safety measures, a break in reactor pipe or a leak in a containment vessel, could spell another environmental disaster for the world.
Cooling Systems in Nuclear Reactors Introduction Nuclear power plants make up 15% of the world’s electricity production. The US produces the most nuclear power, with France and Japan following second and third. Nuclear reactors are used in nuclear power plants to produce heat that will create steam to produce energy. Nuclear power plants convert thermal energy released from nuclear fission. The core of a nuclear reactor builds up heat, and this heat needs to be controlled and filtered out somewhere.
The pinch analysis uses Temperature-Enthalpy (T-H) diagram, the composite curves. the temperature axis represents the available driving forces for heat transfer, while the enthalpy axis shows the supply and demand of heat. For processes with multiple cold streams, the individual process thermal duties can be combined into a single “cold composite curve” drawn on a Temperature-Enthalpy T-H diagram, which represents the enthalpy demand profile of the process. Similarly, all the thermal duties for hot streams can be combined into a single “hot composite curve”, which represents the enthalpy availability profile of the process.
Nuclear power plant is like the Mitochondria of the cell. Nuclear power plant generates energy, heat, and electricity throughout the country. Just like nuclear power plant mitochondria construct energy during the production of adenosine triphosphate.
The process of conduction between a solid surface and a moving liquid or gas is called convection. The motion of the fluid may be natural or forced. If a liquid or gas is heated, its mass per unit volume generally decreases. If the liquid or gas is in a gravitational field, the hotter, lighter fluid rises while the colder, heavier fluid sinks. For example, when water in a pan is heated from below on my stove, the liquid closest to the bottom expands and its density decreases. The hot water as a result rises to the top and some of the cooler fluid descends toward the bottom, thus setting up a circulatory motion. This is also why the heating of a room by a radiator depends less on radiation than on natural convection currents, the hot air rising upward along the wall and cooler air coming back to the radiator from the side of the bottom. Because of the tendencies of hot air to rise and of cool air to sink, radiators are positioned near the floor and air-conditioning outlets near the ceiling for maximum efficiency.
This chain reaction produces massive amounts of heat. Nuclear reactors take advantage of this heat by pumping water into the reactor, which in turn produces steam. The steam then becomes pressurized through a pipeline and exits into a turbine (“How to do Nuclear”). The pressurized steam causes the turbine blades to spin, producing power which is linked to a generator for use in the main power lines. When the steam passes the turbine blades, it goes past cooled pipes and condensates (“How to do Nuclear”).
The term Nuclear Reactor means an interaction between two or more Nuclei, Nuclear Particles, or Radiation, possibly causing transformation of the nuclear type; includes, for example, fission, capture, elastic container. Reactor means the core and its immediate container. Nuclear Reactors are used to produce electricity . The numbers of Nuclear Reactor plants have grown sufficiently . Electricity is being generated in a number of ways, it can be generated by using Thermal Power. It can be employed by using two basic systems a Steam Supply System and an Electricity Generating System these two systems are related to each other. The Steam Supply System produces steam from boiling water by the burning of coals and the Electricity Generating System produces electricity by steam turning turbines. The Nuclear power plants of this century depend on a particular type of Nuclear Reaction, Fission (The splitting of a heavy nucleus like the uranium atom to form two lighter "fission ! fragments" as well as less massive particles as the Neutrons). In the Nuclear Reactors this splitting is induced by the interaction of a neutron with a fissionable nucleus. Under suitable conditions, a "chain" reaction of fission in which events may be sustained. The energy released from the fission reactions provide heat, part of which is ultimately converted into electricity. In the present day Nuclear power plants, this heat is removed from the Nuclear fuel by water that is pumped past rods containing fuel. The basic feature of the nuclear reactor is the release of a large amount of energy from each fission event that occurs in the nuclear reactors core. On the average, a fission event releases about 200 million electron volts of energy. a typical chemical reaction, on the other hand releases about one electron volt. The difference, roughly a factor of 100 million electron volts. The complete fission of one pound of uranium would release roughly the same amount of energy as the combination of 6000 barrels of oil or 1000 tons of high quality oil. The reactor cooling fluid serves a dual purpose. Its most urgent function is to remove from the core the heat that results when the energy released from the Nuclear reactions is transformed by the collisions into the random nuclear motion. An associated function is to transfer this heat into an outside core, typically for the production of electricity. The designer provides for a nuclear core in a container through which a cooling fluid is pumped.
Literature Review: In order to arrive at a comprehensive understanding of heat stress it is required that we review the science behind the reaction of body to thermal stress, the various methods for measurement of stress and various methodologies used to mitigate this problem.
As discussed in class, submission of your solutions to this exam will indicate that you have not communicated with others concerning this exam. You may use reference texts and other information at your disposal. Do all problems separately on clean white standard 8.5” X 11” photocopier paper (no notebook paper or scratch paper). Write on only one side of the paper (I don’t do double sided). Staple the entire solution set in the upper left hand corner (no binders or clips). Don’t turn in pages where you have scratched out or erased excessively, re-write the pages cleanly and neatly. All problems are equally weighted. Assume we are working with “normal” pressures and temperatures with ideal gases unless noted otherwise. Make sure you list all assumptions that you use (symmetry, isotropy, binomial expansion, etc.).
The boiling phenomena is modulated in these applications by leveraging different operational and systemic parameters. In addition to temperatures of the heater and the working fluid - the transport processes in boiling can be modulated by several parameters such as geometry (shape and size), morphology and orientation of the heater; orientation and magnitude of gravitational acceleration; material properties of the heater surface as well as the fluid; system pressure; exposure to electro-magnetic field; flow velocities and inter-molecular interactions at the solid-liquid interface. When external actuators are not employed to induce the flow of the working fluid during liquid-to-vapor phase change phenomena for heater temperatures exceeding the saturation temperature it is termed as pool boiling. In contrast, when external actuators are employed for inducing bulk fluid motion on a heater exposed to the working fluid it is termed as flow
The greatest disadvantages of nuclear energy are the risks posed to mankind and the environment by radioactive materials. ‘On average a nuclear plant annually generates 20 metric tons of used nuclear fuel cla...