Software localization is the process of adapting a software product to the linguistic, cultural and technical requirements of a target market. This process is labour-intensive and often requires a significant amount of time from the development teams. It is also quite costly as the cost of translating a language is anywhere from $50,000 to $500,000 per language.
Software Localization is the changing of a piece of software to suit the needs of a different target market. This could mean changing the language, interface or technical workings of the software so the new target market can use the software just as easily as the original target market. It is usually started while the original source software is still being developed.
Procedure for Localization:
Preparation Stage:
Before starting the localization process it is important to outline the goals that you want to achieve at the end of the localization. This is important as Localization can get quite complicated and you may end up forgetting what you originally set out to do.
Examining the software architecture may help make the localization process more manageable. Programs store and read from certain directories and changing the software for a different country may mean changing the name of the directory.
Using an ISO from a different country means the directory name will change.
For example, A Spanish program may look for files under an ES directory.
Translating the language from this would involve copying all the files and translating to the specified language.
Alternatively you can internationalise the code which means taking all the English text and placing it into a common resource file. When the program is started you can set it to call the resource ...
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...the localization if a problem ever arises.
Language Translation:
Translating a language using specialised software doesn’t always work out. Translation software such as Google Translate can change the meaning of a phrase.
Sometimes it is best to have a translator on backup to check the translations of a phrase.
Works Cited
http://www.sdl.com/technology/language-technology/what-is-software-localization.html
http://www.project-open.com/whitepapers/localization/l10n_biz_view.html
http://translation-blog.multilizer.com/real-life-example-of-software-localization-process/
http://translation-blog.multilizer.com/top-reasons-for-translation-crowdsourcing/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdsourcing_software_development
http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/10-things/10-things-to-consider-when-you-outsource-it/3538/#.
http://is2.lse.ac.uk/asp/aspecis/20010021.pdf
Standardize procedures and project management. E.g. use the same language or coding and decoding of software.
In conclusion we can agree that the use of both foreignization and domestication should be used when translating a text and/or movie. We can see that the successful use of mashing both techniques can lead to an accurate translation.
This would take a lot of planning and development of a new strategy. They would have to select a software that would fit their needs. Organize a management team and schedule the project and come up with a new “Worldwide business
Compilers collect and reorganize (compile) all the instructions in a given set of source code to produce object code. Object code is often the same as or similar to a computer's machine code. If the object code is the same as the machine language, the computer can run the program immediately after the compiler produces its translation. If the object code is not in machine language, other programs—such as assemblers, binders, linkers, and loaders—finish the translation.
In the 1960s and 1970s, based on the concept of equivalence, many scholars have developed various views and approaches, which has improved and further developed the translation theory. Nida (as cited in Venuti, 2000), one of the most influential linguists in the translation field, defines two different types of equivalence, which are formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Formal equivalence focuses on the form and content of the source text. Dynamic equivalence emphasizes that the translation need to use an unmarked expression, but to provide the same function in the target text. The target text 1 shown in table 1 is an example of using formal equivalence. The Chinese sign ‘注意安全’ has been translated as ‘Attention Safety’. However, due to the differences of the terms between Chinese and English, this target text could be difficult to understand by the target audience. Hence, as Nida (as cited in Venuti, 2000) states by using formal equivalence, it is necessary to use footnotes to help target audience understand these idiomatic terms in the source language. The target text two: ‘Caution!’ is an example of using dynamic equivalence. This translation only translated the first two Chinese characters. The language use of this translation has been made some adjustment to match the context of the target language. However, this translation could provide the same function in the target culture as the function of the source text in the source culture. Thus, Nida’s (as cited in Venuti, 2000) two types of equivalence approach provide some effective methods of translation. After using footnotes or some essential adjustment, the source test could be generally considered as
The procedure we are going to examine here is the equivalence in translation at word level, or, as we will see, the lack of equivalence. This procedure is possible when the translator in able find a SL textual item replacement in the TL, the closest possible to the original meaning and style. Many people could think that this is an easy task and that many languages can be translated by using this particular method; we will see how complicated it can be.
This view of translation and translation studies was dominant until the emergence of the so-called “cultural turn” in the 1980s. With the shift
Legal language is specialized with certain lexical features that lead to a diversity in the legal vocabulary types. As Alcaraz and Hughes have noted, translators found that there are certain terms in the legal field that are existed in other field with different meaning since they are very large in number, the translator has to be acquainted by their different meanings in different context. (Alcaraz & Hughes, 2002, p.17,18). Thus, translator will face a problem on this level unless he has an experience in the legal field through examining different kinds of resolutions and declarations in both Arabic and English.
To show an example to grasp the difference between the two of them, it is enough to claim that in its most basic sense, if the translator cannot find an equivalent for the target language, it is at word level. However, if it is above the word level, the job of the translator becomes tougher because she/he needs to deal with more complicated language elements such as collocations, idioms and fixed expressions as clearly stated by Baker. By referring to the Baker’s reasons for non-equivalence, culture-specific concepts should be counted as the first because it is very obscure that each language reflects its culture in its language and that’s why each language differs from one another. For example, a translator may not find an equivalence for the word ‘speed-dating’ just because it doesn’t exist in the target language. Lack of a superordinate word, specific term; differences in terms of form, expressive meaning and semantic complexity of the languages can be added as other cases where we come across with difficulties. In fact, the skills of the translator is needed at this very point to deal with each situation separately by using various strategies. Using a general word, translating by cultural substitution, paraphrasing and omitting the problematic lexical element can be included as the most common strategies. To refer back to what has been explained previously, the complexity of the translation is determined by such factors. Indeed, interpreters seem to come across with more difficulties since they need to think on the
The user communicates with the application through the appropriate input device i.e. a microphone. The Recognizer converts the analog signal into digital signal for the speech processing. A stream of text is generated after the processing. This source-language text becomes input to the Translation Engine, which converts it to the target language text.
Hutchins, J. (1993). "Latest Developments in Machine Translation Technology: Beginning a New Era in MT Research", MT Summit IV: International Cooperation for Global Communication. Proceedings, Kobe, Japan, pp. 11-34.
License agreements specify the legal framework in which the program can be used. Licensing software gives the us...
The language barrier, which is also a difficult hurdle to encompass, serves as one of the most obvious cultural differences. A manager can delegate a task to be accomplished within a US based division and reap the expected results immediately. On the other hand, if an international manager is not familiar with the English language or culture, the same task may yield a different result. Language is the transmitter of both information and ideas. "The key to global competency is to develop the skills to cope, and that means integrating into the dominant culture and realizing how to properly interpret and analyze behavior" (Hayes, 1996). Being bilingual increases the advantage that foreign business partners have in interacting together. It nullifies the need of a third party translator. Business partners tend to be more open and receiving when communicating with bilingual personnel who speak there native language. "An understanding of the language allows the manager to pick up particular points of view, implied meanings, and other information that is not literal" (Moreno, 2006).
...igure within the system. The software should enable usability in accordance to the company requirements; it should be in a position to have the functionality that meet the need of the company.
If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his own language that goes to his heart.” ‒ Nelson Mandela. Since the 1960’s learning a second language has decreased by 30 percent in today’s society. People who wish to learn an additional language often do so to communicate with people who reside in different countries. With an increase in today’s globalization, it is forcing companies throughout the world to break the language barrier. However, with the advancement of technology, numerous citizens find it unnecessary to learn another language, as a translation is at the tip of their fingers. The methods of learning a foreign language can differentiate between people. Nevertheless it has been