Silica sand is a sort of silicate mineral and largely compose of silicon dioxide (SiO2) (Liua et al., 2015). It is easily available in all parts of the world and is commonly used for the production of dams, ceramic matrix composites, bridges, construction of buildings, roads and bricks as well as in the production of refractory materials for high temperature furnaces. Some of the most important properties of silica sand are high chemical resistance, good insulation, high hardness, high temperature resistance, high wear resistance brittleness, high tensile and compressive strength (Rizlan and Mamat, 2014a).
Nanoparticles of silica sand have been researching and producing progressively due to the unique features of nano scale size. Silica sand
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Preparing silica sand nanoparticles in this study have been compare between chemical and physical processes. For chemical synthesis two method are used to produce silica nanoparticles. The first is purification of SiO2 from impurities using alkali solid (dry process). The dry process mixed SiO2 and NaOH pellets with different ratio and then heat. The second is wet process using silica sand via a hydrothermal process varies concentration of NaOH solutions (5M, 6M, and 7M) regarding to Munasir (2015). For physical process, the high speed ball milling process is employed to reduce the silica sand to nanoparticles size according to Rizlan (2014). The size of silica sand nanoparticles will be investigate by particle size analysis. Before applying the silica nanoparticles to ceramic surface, the particles will be treated with dehydratrichloro according to Ogihara (2012) because this method is simple and not require instrumental investment, extreme reaction conditions, and specialized nanomaterials. The sol-gel produced from this method can be applied by the spray-coating method which is a simple one-step, low cost process. Finally, the surface modified ceramic (which using Portland cement as a sample in this study) will be test for superhydrophobic propertied via contact angle measurement (Ogihara et al.,
The Dust Bowl was a treacherous storm, which occurred in the 1930's, that affected the midwestern people, for example the farmers, and which taught us new technologies and methods of farming. As John Steinbeck wrote in his 1939 novel The Grapes of Wrath: "And then the dispossessed were drawn west- from Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico; from Nevada and Arkansas, families, tribes, dusted out. Carloads, caravans, homeless and hungry; twenty thousand and fifty thousand and a hundred thousand and two hundred thousand. They streamed over the mountains, hungry and restless - restless as ants, scurrying to find work to do - to lift, to push, to pull, to pick, to cut - anything, any burden to bear, for food. The kids are hungry. We got no place to live. Like ants scurrying for work, for food, and most of all for land." The early thirties opened with prosperity and growth. At the time the Midwest was full of agricultural growth. The Panhandle of the Oklahoma and Texas region was marked contrast to the long soup lines of the Eastern United States.
Silica dust is found in quartz, sandstone, granite, slate, coal, and pure silica sand. People that work with these materials are at risk of developing pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis is not curable, but it can be treated and the affected person can still live a good quality of life. Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis is a good disease to do a PSA on because it is increasing in occurrence, but it is a very preventable disease. It is possible to eradicate the disease by spreading the word to prevent it and reduce the cases of
The House of Sand and Fog exemplifies the American Dream from different angles, based on the characters portrayed in the novel. The three main characters have individual concepts of what is meant by the American Dream. Mr. Behrani is an ex-Iranian Colonel with a strong connection to his culture and family values. He wants the best for his family. Kathy is a newly separated women. She has a distant relationship with her family, but is connected by the home left in her possession by her deceased father. Lester has a much diluted sense of values, family and the American Dream. He has a sense of self fulfillment, disregarding the needs of most other people. The characters all want the American Dream, but their definition and method of obtaining the American Dream differ from one another.
In April 2013, a special memorial playground opened in Sea Bright, NJ. The project, The Sandy Ground Project: Where Angels Play, was organized by New Jersey’s Firefighter’s Mutual Benevolent Association. The playground was one of twenty-six playgrounds being installed in New Jersey, New York, and Connecticut towns honoring the children and teachers killed in the massacre at Sandy Hook Elementary School. Each town that received a playground was a town directly impacted by Superstorm Sandy. This particular playground is dedicated to Anne Marie Murphy, a special education teacher, wife, mother, and hero who passed away during the horrific shooting and is located on Sea Bright Beach which was brutally devastated by Superstorm Sandy.
Fundamental studies by Stober [ ], Meyer and Heckerman [ ] , and Bering and Serpinskii [ ] indicate that silica surface consists of siloxane network in the bulk, while the hydroxyl groups are attached onto silicon atoms. However these groups are not equivalent in their adsorption or reaction behavior. Fig 1a represents a general arrangement on a silica surface. Belyakova et al. identifies that the number of hydroxyl (Silanol) group on different type of silica surfaces are same i.e. 4 -5 SiOH groups per nm2. Lange [ ] identifies that water associates with these silanol groups in two ways, by hydrogen bonding or by physically adsorbed. Dalton and Iler [ ] states that there is at least a monolyer of water immobilized on silanol groups due to hydrogen bonding, this “glassy layer” protects underlying silica network from foreign molecules. Klier and Zettlemoyer [ ] indicates that water sat “oxygen down” on silanol groups. De Boer and Vleeskens [ ] argued that around 120 oC in ambient air silica looses adsorbed water unless it is present in micropores which would otherwise tak...
The coast is dynamic, meaning it is constantly changing. It does so as a result of erosion and deposition, forming various types of landforms in the process. The landforms of erosion are headlands, bays, cliffs, rock platforms, caves, arches, stacks and blowholes. The landforms of deposition are beaches, lagoons, bars, barriers, spits and tombolos.
The new technology uses water-repellent ferrous nanoparticles. Once these particles are combined in with the oil, they join to the oil an...
Concrete and masonry products contain silica sand and rock containing silica. Since these products are primary materials for construction, construction workers may be easily exposed to respirable crystalline silica during activities such as the following:
Minerals are found worldwide and have countless uses. The mineral gypsum, is just one of the thousands named. Gypsum has always been a critical mineral in the building of innumerable ancient constructions, and is still being used in today’s construction. (The History of Gypsum, 1985) It is speculated that the first use of it was in ancient Greece, where is was called “gypsos”, or “selenite”, but, gypsum’s first recorded usability was in Ancient Egypt, where it was used in the building of the Pyramids. They used the material called “Alabaster” (which is a form of gypsum), but later in the 18th century, they realized that gypsum in its natural and raw state, was much too wet, so they altered it to create the building material called “Plaster
5. Wiesner, Mark.“ Introduction Environmental Nanotechnology”. Environmental Engineering Science. Vol 24, Number 1, 2007. Internet: http://online.liebertpub.com.lib-ezproxy.tamu.edu/. [Mar 20, 2014].
Particle size influences many properties of particulate materials and is a valuable indicator of quality and performance. This is true for powders, suspensions, emulsions, and aerosols. The size and shape of powders influences flow and compaction properties..
Since crystallization is often the first step when the pure solid product is separated from the liquid solution it represents a crucial process to tailor the solid properties, such as crystal size distribution (CSD), shape, polymorphic form and purity. Since these physical characteristics have a strong effect on the final product properties as well as on the efficiency of the downstream processes (such as filtration, drying etc.), the proper design and control of crystallization processes can have a significant effect on the overall efficiency of the solid production process and the quality of the final product.
“On the Atlantic and Gulf coastlines, which are made up largely of barrier islands, the beaches are eroding at average annual rates of 3 and 6 feet respectively. “1
Many Caribbean country coastlines are facing rampant coastal erosion. Coastal erosion and accretion has continuously existed and contributed to shaping the present coastlines. Coastal erosion is now largely intensified due to human activities, although engineering structures are aimed at solving erosion problems, it has long been known that these projects can also contribute to creating problems at other nearby locations. Dramatic examples of side effects are presented by Darsan and Alexis (2014), who state that about 20,000 square metres of sand have been removed from the beaches of Trinidad and Tobago by engineering works during 1994 and 2007. Trinidad and Tobago has the highest level of coastal erosion in the Caribbean, with the country losing more than 50,000 square meters of land in less than 20 years.
It is the part of geology that is in charge of the study of rocks from the genetic point and from their relationships with other rocks, very closely related with magma. It is considered one of the main parts of geology. An igneous petrologist studies every aspect of magma in order to know