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Adolescent sexual offender typologies
Adolescent sexual offender typologies
Conviction rates of sexual offenders
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There are a number of different factors that increases the risk of recidivism for both sexual and non-sexual offenders. For instance, some of the more common predictors of recidivism for non-sexual offenders comprises of being of a young age at the time of arrest or conviction, the offender’s prior criminal history and the age in which the offender began to perpetrate their crimes, if the offender is of a minority race, the offender’s current relationship status, and whether or not the offender demonstrates any psychopathic tendencies and/or has a clinical diagnosis or any symptoms of antisocial personality disorder (APD). The risk factors of recidivism in sexual offenders, on the other hand, typically involve the number of sexual crimes the …show more content…
In all reality, he got lucky in that he avoided conviction – just as many other sexual offenders do on a regular basis – simply in that he was not caught for the crime he actually planned on perpetrating that day. Even though Jason partially met some of the criteria for a conviction of a sexual offense since he did express intent to sexually abuse or assault his victim, thereby establishing mens rea, his actions did not meet the legal definition of a sexual offense, unfortunately, because the events surrounding the crime in question lacked an important element required for criminal conviction: actus reus or the guilty act or behavior. Consequently, Jason will not face the same legal ramifications as other sexual offenders that were caught and charged for similar sex crimes since he was only charged with kidnapping in this instance. For instance, he won’t have any legal obligation to register as a sex offender, although he will still be considered a pedophile by definition regardless. Other risk-prevention methods, such as cognitive-behavioral treatments and probation requirements also won’t be imposed in this case as well. Jason won’t have any restrictions as to where he can live or who he can associate with like other sexual offenders and sexually violent predator, for example, nor will he be civilly committed for his perversions either. However, even if Jason had been caught (which he wasn’t), he still probably wouldn’t have met the classification in most jurisdictions because he has no prior history of criminal behavior. More importantly, though, Jason cannot be prevented from relapsing as a result of aggravating factors if he has yet to ever be formally convicted of a sexual or violent
Van der Knaap, L., Alberda, D., Oosterveld, P., & Born, M. (2012). The predictive validity of criminogenic needs for male and female offenders: Comparing the relative impact of needs in predicting recidivism.Law and Human Behavior, 36(5), 413-422. Retrieved from http://ehis.ebscohost.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=5dc33823-1541-4e10-9ac6-36b6fbb83bbf@sessionmgr4003&vid=3&hid=4203
This essay begins with the introduction of the Risk-Needs-Responsivitiy Model which was developed to assess offending and offer effective rehabilitation and treatment (Andrews & Bonta, 2007). The R-N-R model “remains the only empirically validated guide for criminal justice interventions that aim to help offenders” (Polashek, 2012, p.1) consisting of three principles which are associated with reductions in recidivism of up to 35% (Andrew & Bonta, 2010); risk, need and responsivity. Firstly, the risk principle predicts the offenders risk level of reoffending based on static and dynamic factors, and then matched to the degree of intervention needed. Secondly, the R-N-R targets individual’s criminogenic needs, in relation to dynamic factors. Lastly, the responsivity principle responds to specific responsivity e.g. individual needs and general responsivity; rehabilitation provided on evidence-based programming (Vitopoulous et al, 2012).
Like I mentioned earlier, recidivism is the tendency of a released inmate to recommit a crime they originally committed. According to Increased Surveillance of Sex Offenders: Impacts on Recidivism, Lisa Taylor explains that recidivism “Is of great concern to the public, especially given the numerous high-profile, violent assault cases by repeat offenders.” (Taylor) Many people in the public wouldn’t want to even come out of their homes knowing that there are free prisoners roaming around the streets, ready to recommit the crime that brought them to jail. According to Christopher Zoukis, an incarcerated writer at FCC Petersburg, “49.3% of inmates who have been released from federal prison are re-arrested for committing the same crime they committed
...ing further sex offenses should be allowed (554). It is too dangerous to risk potential victims so that the offender may complete his rehabilitation program by assaulting a person a few additional times.
Levenson, J.S., D’Amora D.A., & Hern, A.L. (2007). Megan’s Law and its impact on community re-entry for sex offenders. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 25(1), 587-602.
A study by Boccaccini, Murrie, Caperton, and Hawes (2009) examines the reliance upon the STATIC-99 and MnSOST-R during a Texas screening process for sexual offenders to be civilly committed. The study sought to expand upon the minimal knowledge known of the predictive validity of the STATIC-99 and MsSOST-R in determining whether sexual offenders will recidivate upon release from incarceration. Firstly, the study focused on whether scores sex offenders received on the ARAIswere associated with their progress through the state's sexually violent predator civil commitment process: in essence, whether high scores on the ARAIs correlated with the officials’ decision to promote sexual offenders to the next step of the evaluation process.
According to the National Institute of Justice, recidivism is one of the most fundamental concepts in criminal justice. The NIJ defines recidivism as a person’s relapse into criminal behavior, often after receiving sanctions or undergoing intervention for a previous crime. Recidivism is often utilized in evaluating prisons effectiveness in crime control. Reducing recidivism is crucial for probation, parole and to the correctional system overall.
The acceptance that the court system often treats female offenders differently than male offenders is an accurate statement; however, it comes with many caveats. Generally, the public views women as nurturers, motherly and incapable of harming a child. Research indicates that female sex offenders capable of committing such acts have serious psychiatric and psychological problems. In comparison, research indicates male sex offenders are more callous, more antisocial, and promiscuous, involved in the criminal justice system, and have more victims (Miccio-Fenseca, 2012, slide 7). The consensus is that men commit their acts for sexual pleasure while women commit their acts due to psychiatric and psychological problems. Law enforcement, juries, and judges tend to empathize more when there are additional mitigating factors such as emotional or psychological problems. Due to these mitigating factors, it appears treatment of female sex offenders is more lenient than male if their crimes are similar in nature. Research by Miccio-Fenseca (2012) indicates that in comparison to their male counterparts, “female sex offenders rarely use force or violence far less than often…rarely use threats of violence to silence victims…rarely use threats o...
Sex offender legislation has been encouraged and written to protect the community and the people at large against recidivism and or to help with the reintegration of those released from prison. Nevertheless, a big question has occurred as to if the tough laws created help the community especially to prevent recidivism or make the situation even worse than it already is. Sex offenders are categorized into three levels for example in the case of the state of Massachusetts; in level one the person is not considered dangerous, and chances of him repeating a sexual offense are low thus his details are not made available to the public (Robbers, 2009). In level two chances of reoccurrence are average thus public have access to this level offenders through local police departments in level three risk of reoffense is high, and a substantial public safety interest is served to protect the public from such individuals.
Until recently, rapists have largely been placed in one identified group based on their crime. However, the difference in violence prevalence, and preparation or approach of the crime varies distinctly based on the type of perpetrator. Thus, the discrepancy between the categories of serial and single-victim perpetrators could prove helpful to further create usable profiles for law enforcement, identify motivating factors, and assist in the development of effective treatments for predators. Although the crimes are similar in finality, the variable distinctions are as vast as the assailants.
Zakireh, B., Ronis, S. T., & Knight, R. A. (2008, September 3). Individual beliefs, attitudes, and victimization histories of male juvenile sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 20(3), 323-351.
There are several identifiable psychological factors that increase the likelihood an individual will demonstrate deviant sexual behavior. One of the most important contributing factors is physical or sexual abuse endured as a child. According to Becerra-García, García-León and Egan (2012), sex offenders are twice as likely to report being sexually, emotionally, or physically abused as a child in comparison to other offenders. There are also other factors besides abuse that must be taken into consideration. A recent study on female sex offenders by Roe-Sepowitz and Krysik (2008) states, “the data reveal that many of the 118 female juvenile sex offenders came from chaotic and disorganized families and had poor parental supervision and serious school and mental health problems”. As Becerra-García, García-León and Egan (2012) discuss further, there are also personality traits that sex offenders are likely to possess, which makes it possible for psychologists to distinguish general characteristics of sex offenders. These personality traits can be identified using the Five Factor Model, which scales an individual’s level of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
Combating the recidivism rate has been shown to be a daunting task for America. America has the highest population in prisons with 20% of the world’s prison population and only 5% of the world’s population (Prison Crisis, 2014). The definition of Recidivism rate is defined in Merriam Webster as “a tendency to relapse into a previous condition or mode of behavior; especially: relapse into criminal behavior”. New Bedford has the highest crime rate of all of Massachusetts with an estimated 1,200 violent crimes in just the last year making studying this city prevalent. Throughout this paper I will examine recidivism rates throughout the country, and how these effects can help and affect New Bedford in particular. We will also examine the effects
Mulder, E., Brand, E., Bullens, R., & Van Marle, H. (2010). A classification of risk factors in serious juvenile offenders and the relation between patterns of risk factors and recidivism. Criminal Behaviour & Mental Health, 20(1), 23-38. doi:10.1002/cbm.754
History shows people in ancient times committed crimes which violated social norms and acceptable conduct despite threats of harsh punishment. There are theories regarding causes of crime but that by Emile Durkheim is quite prominent in that anomie arises as result of mismatch between individual or group standards when compared to the acceptable standards of wider society; this mismatch leads to deviance which in turn came from loss of social identity and self-regulation.