Structure of barium titanate:-
Barium titanate is chemical compound with formula (BaTiO3) ,has perovskite structure (a group of crystalline material take it name from natural mineral perovskite (CaTiO3) with typical formula ABO3.[35] In barium titanate, (Ba:A) ion has large size (r=1.35 A), it located at the corner of unit cell and it is encompassed by (12) oxygen ion, oxygen are bound to both cation and it located at the center cubic face. While (Ti:B) are small in size (r=0.68 A), occupy the center of unit cell and are surrounded by (6) oxygen ion forming a octahedral site( TiO6). Barium titanate is formed by linking the corners of (TiO6) formed large dodecahedron hole with Ba+2 are fit at the center of the hole.[36] Figure(-)
Phase transformation in barium titanate:-
Barium titanate
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2-frequency:- as the frequwncy of the applied voltage increase, the dielectric strength will reduce. 3-the exisistence of humidity lead to decrese dielectric strength. 4-also the presence of surface defect like crack ,pore, decresing the dielectric strength.[53]
Dielectric constant:-
The magnitude which depict the capability of dielectric material to retain the electric charge when it exposed to an electric field.[54] when two metal sheet is subject to electric field, one of these sheet will be negative, and the other will be positive, in this case, the dielectric material in the space between these two sheet will polarize, the dielectric constant is then represent as the ratio electric charge stored by dielectric material to that when the dielectric material is
Procedure: Anisole (0.35mL, 0.0378mol) was obtained and placed in a pre-weighed 25 mL round bottom flask, along with 2.5 mL of glacial acetic acid and a magnetic stir bar. Then the reaction apparatus was assembled, the dry tube was charged with conc. sodium bi sulfate, the 25 mL round bottom was attached to the apparatus, and 5 mL of Br2/HBr mixture was obtained and placed in the round bottom. The reaction took place for 20 minutes. An orange liquid was obtained and placed in a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask along with 25 mL of water and 2.5 mL of conc. Sodium bisulfate soln. The solution was then placed in an ice bath to precipitate and then the solid product was filter in a Buchner funnel. These crystals were then re-dissolved minimum amount of hot solvent (heptane) and recrystallized. Once a dry product was obtained, a melting point was established (2,4-Dibromoanisol mp 55-58 C) and percent yield was established (52%).
It is a strong acid. Its crystal structure is body centered cubic. Over 2/3 of all molybdenum is used in alloys.
This paragraph will compare and discuss the crystal structure and chemistry between quartz (SiO2), iron phosphate (FePO4) and also looking into the α and β phase of FePO4. From the understanding of the given materials and crystal structure of both SiO2 and FePO4, both of the crystal are quartz-type crystal, the crystal arrangement are quite similar except for the difference in structural parameters tilt angle δ and bridging angle θ. This similarly carries on from the fact that both crystals had a α-β transition. However, from figure 2, the transition temperature for SiO2 and FePO4 are dramatically different, where one is at 846K while the other is 980K respectively. This is due to the tilt and bridging angle is lower than SiO2. Also from figure 2, we can show that both SiO2 and FePO4 thermal expansion in α phase are non-linear and control by angular variations and similarly no thermal expansion in β phase due to the lack
Studies have shown that big changes in temperature do not affect the capability of insulation. In one experiment, materials were set to a high heat of 300 degrees Celsius. After six months in this environment, the substances were cooled to room temperature. The dielectric constant showing the level of insulation had not changed ("Teflon PTFE fluoropolymer resin" 28).
between BaCl and BaSO, and that AW of 1 mol of BaSO = 233.404, so we
Patton, Dennis D. (1999, July). The barium enigma. The Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 7, 24N
magnitudes a, b, c, d, it is defined that if equimultiple m is taken of a and c,
Microstrip patch antennas radiate primarily because of the fringing fields between the patch edge and the ground plane. For good antenna performance, a thick dielectric substrate having a low dielectric constant is desirable since this provides better efficiency, larger bandwidth and better radiation [4]. However, such a configuration leads to a larger antenna size.
Plots for transmission coefficient and reflection coefficient of simulate results are shown in figure 3.4(b)
L = Length of the conductor(m). A = Area of cross section of the conductor (m2). = the resistivity of the material of which the conductor is made. (Îm) The experimental determination of the resistivity of a material. involves measuring the resistance of a specimen of the material.
The dielectric constant of a material, also called the permittivity of a material is the ability of a material to store electrical energy in the presence of an electric field. Unfortunately, there is a limit on the voltage an insulator can withstand before conducting electricity, that limit is defined as the dielectric strength also known as the breakdown voltage. [2]
Effect on Dielectric property of rocks and presence of water in the pores of rock.
voltage. Therefore electricity which is traveling at a higher voltage must be “ramped down” or sent
When the generated fields pass through magnetic materials which themselves contribute internal magnetic fields, ambiguities can arise about what part of the field comes from the external currents and what comes from the material itself. It is common to define another magnetic field quantity, usually called the "magnetic field strength" designated by H. It can be defined by the relationship, H = B0/μ0 = B/μ0 – M, and has the value of unambiguously designating the driving magnetic influence from external currents in a material, independent of the material's magnetic response. The relationship for B can be written in the equivalent form, B = μ0(H + M), H and M will have the same units, amperes/meter. To further distinguish B from H, B is sometimes called the magnetic flux density or the magnetic
If an attenuating medium is placed in the path of an electromagnetic wave than it can also be measured by using a complex number. The number will be purely real if the medium affects the magnitude of the wave but leaves the phase unchanged, and purely imaginary if the medium shifts the phase by 90 degrees. In general, a medium which scales the magnitude by a factor of R and shifts the phase by an angle t is described by the complex number as R*exp(