Figure 1 Crystal Structure of SiO2 and FePO4 This paragraph will compare and discuss the crystal structure and chemistry between quartz (SiO2), iron phosphate (FePO4) and also looking into the α and β phase of FePO4. From the understanding of the given materials and crystal structure of both SiO2 and FePO4, both of the crystal are quartz-type crystal, the crystal arrangement are quite similar except for the difference in structural parameters tilt angle δ and bridging angle θ. This similarly carries on from the fact that both crystals had a α-β transition. However, from figure 2, the transition temperature for SiO2 and FePO4 are dramatically different, where one is at 846K while the other is 980K respectively. This is due to the tilt and bridging angle is lower than SiO2. Also from figure 2, we can show that both SiO2 and FePO4 thermal expansion in α phase are non-linear and control by angular variations and similarly no thermal expansion in β phase due to the lack …show more content…
The bond distance of Fe-O was found to be decreasing with each increase in temperature, as indicated in figure 3. This was observed to be similar to the Si-O bond distance in the SiO2. This is due to the increasing in disruption at high temperature arise from the excitation of energy levels and amplitude vibrations. Next, the α-β phase transition can be quantified using the tilt angle δ by modelling using this expression: δ2 = 2/¬3δ02 [1 + (1 – 3/4 (T – Tc/T0 – Tc)) 1/2 From figure 4 and formula, essentially explain the lack of thermal expansion activity during β phase is due to the fact that tilt angle δ has settled at zero which causes the removal of expansion components and discontinuity
The goal of this experiment is to study the most precise way of measuring molecular bond lengths and introduction to computational software used for studying molecular properties. This is of interest in that the instrument to being used, a Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer, can measure the vibrational and rotational transitions of the fundamental and first overtone of CO. Through this experiment the objective is to collect data from the aforementioned instrument in order to determine vibrational and rotational spectroscopic constants and CO’s bond length, then to compare them with quantum chemical calculation.
Zirconia has three crystalline forms: monoclinic phase, tetragonal phase and cubic phase. Monoclinic phase exists in zirconia stable up to temperature 1170˚C. Above 1170˚C, the monoclinic phase transforms to tetragonal phase and further transform to cubic phase above 2370˚C. While cooling down below 1070˚C, tetragonal phase becomes unstable and start transformation of monoclinic phase. Thus tetragonal phase is hard to exist at the room temperature.
The mass of Mg + the mass of O2=mass of MgxOx. Knowing the mass of
The molar specific heats of most solids at room temperature and above are nearly constant, in agreement with the Law of Dulong and Petit. At lower temperatures the specific heats drop as quantum processes become significant. The Einstein-Debye model of specific heat describes the low temperature behavior.
In order to gain strong insight into the surface chemistry of silica we have perform a thorough literature search. Our goal is to identify the pioneer research performed on silica and silica supported catalyst. Particular interest lies in silica-water-cobalt and silica-alcohol-cobalt systems. This study is both on macro and micro level so that a complete theoretical base can be established. From this theoretical knowledge, key areas to look upon will be identified and a design of experiments will be established. The goal is to develop a both efficient and effective product (catalyst) using a novel methodology developed from past research.
In order to separate the mixture of fluorene, o-toluic acid, and 1, 4-dibromobenzene, the previously learned techniques of extraction and crystallization are needed to perform the experiment. First, 10.0 mL of diethyl ether would be added to the mixture in a centrifuge tube (1) and shaken until the mixture completely dissolved (2). Diethyl ether is the best solvent for dissolving the mixture, because though it is a polar molecule, its ethyl groups make it a nonpolar solvent. The compounds, fluorene and 1, 4-dibromobenzene, are also nonpolar; therefore, it would be easier for it to be dissolved in this organic solvent.
with a tong to see if the magnesium had started to burn and also to
• The use of a catalyst will speed up the reaction as long as the catalysts electrode potentials are feasible for each step in the reaction. Since a catalyst lowers the activation energy and takes the reaction through a different route, according to the Maxwell-Boltzmann diagram, at a constant temperature more particles are able to react as demonstrated by the diagrams below:
Mixed melting point was used to confirm the identity of the product. The smaller the range, the more pure the substance. When the two substances are mixed; the melting point should be the same melting range as the as the melting range obtained after filtering. If the mixed melting point is lower one taken from the crystals, then the two substances are different.
Nanocrystalline perovskite and spinel magnetic mixed oxides materials have gained immense importance due to their novel properties, which are significantly different from those of their bulk counterparts [1]. Nanocrystals of spinel ferrites, with general formula MFe2O4 (where M = Ni, Cu and Zn) are most interesting class of magnetic materials due to its facinating properties such as low melting point, high spectfic heat, large expansion coefficent and low magnetic transition temperature[2,3]. Because of these properties, ferrite materials are widely used in ferrofluid technology, information storage and magnetic pigments[4-6]. Especially, due to their peculiar magnetic properties and ability to respond at the molecular level, magnetic nanostructures are potential candidates for biomedicine such as targeted drug delivery [7], diagnostics [8], and magnetic separation [9]. These materials are also being explored as contrast agents in magnetic resonance image (MRI) [10], thermo responsive drug carriers [11] as well as in the thermal activation therapy of cancer [12]. The crystal structure of spinel ferrite compounds have a cubic close packing of O2- ions structure linked with two sub-lattice sites namely tetrahedral (A-sites) and octahedral (B-sites) [13]. The magnetic and other properties of spinel ferrite can be varied systematically by changing the identity of the ion, their charges and their distribution among the tetrahedral and octahedral sites [14]. Zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) and cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) have been most extensively studied system, because they exhibit the typically normal and inverse spinel ferrite respectively [15]. Nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) is a well known inverse spinel structure ferrite with Ni2+ ions at octahed...
Interpretation The graph 1shows the extraction of the components on the steep slope. The first 5 components are the part of steep slop. The components on the shallow slope contribute little to the solution. The components nine to nineteen are the part of shallow slop. The big drop occurs between the sixth and ninth components, so first 5 components are used for further analysis. The scree plot confirms the choice of six components.
One very important piece of information is that gemstones and crystals are grown during the cooling, formative stages of Earth’s development and so it has lead me to the conclusion that they are gifts from nature. According to physics, gemstones and crystals consist of natural balances and solid sta...
BACKGROUND Types of Silica Crystalline silica may be of several distinct types. Quartz, a form of silica and the most common mineral in the earth's crust, is associated with many types of rock. Other types of silica include cristobalite and tridymite. Potential for Exposure During Construction Concrete and masonry products contain silica, sand and rock containing silica. Since these products are primary materials for construction, construction workers may be easily exposed to respirable crystalline silica during activities such as the following: Chipping, hammering, and drilling of rock Crushing, loading, hauling, and dumping of rock   high dust concentrations.
1. Obtain a clean, dry crucible and lid, then heat them for approximately 5 minutes over a Bunsen burner
Mann, M., 2013. Mind Action Series Physical Sciences 12 Textbook and Workbook. Sanlamhof: Allcopy Publishers.