Neurodegenerative Disease Gender

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Goal /Purpose Statement
The neurodegenerative diseases include a wide range of acute and chronic conditions in which there is a loss of neurons or and glial cells in the brain and spinal cord. For example, there is a loss of dopamine neurons in Parkinson’s disease, and motor neurons in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.1 The study we will be conducted is intended to research on how gender affect transfer of mitochondrial, and or exosomes as a stem cell repair mechanism in neurodegenerative diseases.
Primarily, Many studies have reported that there is a sexual dimorphism in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s, Multiple Sclerosis, and Stroke.2 For example, female rats have greater brain tissue degeneration after …show more content…

Some studies suggest that a potential origin is the primary female sex hormone, estrogen. It has neuro-protective and inflammatory-modulating effects on the brain. In ischemic brain injuries, gender related variances have been linked to this protective influence of estrogen; it was shown to improve post ischemic cerebral reperfusion and prevent dysfunction of the vascular endothelium.2, 6 However, gender differences in brain injury are exhibited even with a decline of the female sex steroid at menopause. Depending on the chromosomal content (XX or XY), there is nonconformity in some molecular mechanisms of cell survival and death. This suggests that there are hormone-independent pathways underlying the sexual dimorphism. …show more content…

It has already been discovered that there are some variances between stem cells and their activity based on the sex. Male and female stem cells vary, for example, in their neurogenic capacity, their differentiation, and cell-cycle regulation. Autologous transplantation of gender specific stem cells such as menstrual blood and Sertoli cells has been shown to, potentially, have various benefits for stroke therapy. 8 Additionally, a study has suggested that the female sex steroids, estrogen and progesterone, influence mitochondrial fusion in cortical astrocytes, thus creating gender-based discrepancies in mitochondrial function.9 So, gender may affect stem cell mitochondrial

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