Alzheimer's Disease
Introduction to Alzheimer's
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain.
It is first described by the German neuropathologist Alois Alzheimer (1864-1915)
in 1905. This disease worsens with advancing age, although there is no evidence
that it is cause by the aging process.
The average life expectancy of a person with the disease is between five
and ten years, but some patients today can live up to 15 years due to
improvements in care and medical treatments. The cause of Alzheimer's has not
been discovered yet and it cannot be possible to confirm a person has
Alzheimer's until their autopsy following death.
How does Alzheimer's develop
What causes Alzheimer's? Well no one know exactly the development of
this debilitating disease. But recent advances has produced several clues as to
how it is born. Initially when we study the brain of a Alzheimer's victim, we
focus on two specific areas. One is the cortex of the frontal and cerebral
lobes1. The second is the hippocampus (meaning seahorses in Greek which it
resembles2) which is located below the cerebral cortex and responsible for
short-term memory. If we study samples of these two section, we would find three
irregularities which are not found in normal brain matter. These three are
called neurofibrillary tangles, neuritic plagues and granulovacuolar
degeneration3.
A nerve cell has numerous axons and dendrites coming out of it. A
neurofibrillary tangle is when the neuron changes. A number of dendrites are
missing and the nucleus is filled with protein filaments resembling steel wool.
Although all elderly people has a few of these helix shaped bundles in
their brain for they are normal indicators of aging, Alzheimer's patients has
more than usual. Their presence usually in the frontal and temporal lobes is a
indication of AD.
Senile neuritic plagues are small round objects. They are masses of
amyloid protein material composed of residue left over from healthy nerve
endings that were broken off and decayed. Their presence near the cell further
indicates something gone wrong. Neuritic plaques is the best evidence for
diagnostics to make the determination of AD.
A third sign of neuron deterioration is granulovacuolar degeneration.
This is when fluid-filled vacuoles are seen crowding inside the nerve cell,
specifically in the triangular shaped cells of the hippocampus. This condition
can only be observed in carefully sliced, stain and analyzed brain tissue.
The cell having lost all it's dendrites and nucleus soon disintegrates
entirely, vanishing into the body's waste disposal system. With the depletion of
enough nerve material the brain actually shrinks, sometimes by as much as ten
percent5. The more cells the AD sufferer loses, the more mental functions he
When considering the American Revolution most histories fail to recognize both sides of the fight for liberty. Men were certainly the central figures; however could they have succeeded without the periphery support of women? In her book, Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America, Linda K. Kerber explores the contribution of women to the war and demonstrates the rising of “Republican Motherhood” during and following the war. Through this ideology, women merged their traditional roles with their new sense of civic duty. In the beginning chapters, Kerber examines women’s engagement in the war effort, explores the emerging idea of female patriotism and states the proper loyalties of married women during the time. Kerber then looks at the consequences of the Revolution in relation to the female concerns of divorce, education and women’s reading. In these chapters, and her concluding chapter, “The Republican Mother,” she evaluates the representation of womanhood in the early republic. According to Kerber, the American Revolution had an enduring and significant change in the role of women in society and created a new political role for women, known as “Republican Motherhood”.
structures called plaques. In Alzheimer's disease, similar plaques develop, but they are composed of fragments of a different protein.
Alzheimer’s disease was first defined in 1906 by a German psychiatrist, Alois Alzheimer. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia. It is a progressive brain disorder in which the nerve cells in the brain gradually die off. It is estimated that 26 million people world-wide are afflicted by Alzheimer’s and of those, approximately 4.5 million live in the United States. It is said to be the seventh leading cause of death in the USA and the fifth leading cause of death for those over age 65. Seventeen percent of women and ten percent of men age 55 and older can expect to develop Alzheimer’s (apa.org, 2009). Researchers report that this disease is more prevalent in African Americans and Hispanics than in whites (Crandell, Crandell, and Zanden, 2009, p. 578).
Often historical events leading up to the twentieth century are dominated by men and the role of women is seemingly non-existent outside of reproduction. When one thinks of notable and memorable names and events of the Revolution, men are the first to be mentioned. The American Revolution was mainly dominated by men including George Washington, Samuel Adams, and Benjamin Franklin. There is no denying that men were vitally important to the American Revolution, but what were the women doing? Often overlooked, the women of the Revolution played a key role in the outcome of the nation. The women of the American Revolution, although not always recognized, were an influential society that assumed risky jobs like soldiers, as well as involvement
He said, “Mr. President you may have aimed high but your policies are misdirected and now you are crippling the middle class of the Gulf Coast in addition to finding a fuel to energize America. Let us take this time to remind the nation’s policy-makers of the significant contributions we make to the federal from 2005 to 2007, this industry paid $242 billion dollars in federal taxes and another $23 billion Dollars in mineral royalties to the federal government in 2008 alone.” This excerpt appealed to pathos, logos, and ethos. His conviction in calling the President out for failed policies, which in turn were crippling the middle class appealed to ethos. He used “crippling” to add emotive emphasis, thus appealing to pathos. He appealed to logos by using specific statistics to support his argument that Louisiana provided an exceptional amount of tax dollars to the Federal government. It is important to note however, that he did not provide statistics on what the impact of the moratorium has had on the economy of
The impact of women in the Revolutionary War and Civil War have been underrated and consequently, inadequately represented in history textbooks compared to their male counterparts. These women exemplified “patriotic passion”, unwavering in their commitment to win America’s independence and create “one nation under God.”
performance that involves, but is not limited to, a loss in at least 2 of the
...ip between a man and his wife as opposed to patriarchal domination was considered the republican model. In the role of a mother, the republican woman was not as able to pursue involvement in the economy and her family’s income due to the increased duties of motherhood. Nonetheless, society recognized that the characteristics of women were ideal when caring for and educating children to become virtuous citizens, and so women were assigned responsibilities that had primarily been the father’s. And finally, politics excluded women because republican ideals deemed them unfit to make useful contributions, and they would be seen as less feminine and forgoing their rights as a woman if they tried to participate. Even so, many women believed that they could engage in state affairs and found methods such as satirical literature and petitions to discreetly express their views.
Before the Revolutionary war many felt women has a mental and moral weakness. Women 's part in the war gave all the proof needed to show their ability to think clearly and make good ethical decisions. A woman 's formal education was essential to their transformation. Some believed that a “formal education would create masculine women, unattractive in their appearance, neglect in their duties to husbands and family” (Berkin, 2005, 153). No longer did women need to value beauty over
The first case of dementia was discovered in 1906 by a German physiatrist Alois Alzheimer. It was first observed in a female patient and she was forty-one years old her name was Auguste D. Dr. Alzheimer observed a decline in the patient’s cognitive abilities. She lost her memory, she exhibited behavioral issues, and she suffered from hallucinations, lost the ability to comprehend language, disorientation and lost her speech. After Augusta’s passing Dr. Alzheimer preformed an autopsy that showed the classic triangles and knots we associate today with Alzheimer. Those triangles and knots are a proteins and plaque. The brain is self looked smaller and had distinct characteristics. Still with modern medicine the only way to diagnose a person with Alzheimer is after their death with an autopsy. (THE ALZHEIMER'S PROJECT, 2014).
Women are frequently overlooked when it comes to history in the 18th centuries. They were there in the flesh for all of the historical events, but they are rarely mentioned. Everyone has heard of the “Founding Fathers”, but students rarely hear about the “Founding Mothers” in their curriculum. Although women did not directly plan out our government, they still deserve to be given some credit for it. The roles that women played during the Revolutionary War greatly influenced the outcome of the war and the country that resulted from it.
This essay gives a basic idea of what organizational culture is, and emphasis on the controversial issues of managing organizational cultures. As there are various definitions for organizational culture, and none of them are universally agreed. Therefore, for an easier understanding by readers, the definition of organizational culture given in this essay focusing on levels of culture, and will be discussed t together with Schein's(1983) framework. Before talking about managing organizational cultures, the types will be introduced first. Because, there are some descriptions about managing different types of organizational cultures, in the following content.
The concept of organizational culture is one of the most debated topics for researchers and theorists. There is no one accepted definition of culture. People even said that it is hard to define culture and even more change it. It is considered a complex part of an organization although many have believed that culture influences employee behavior and organizational effectiveness (Kilmann, Saxton, & Serpa 1985; Marcoulides & Heck, 1993; Schein, 1985a, 1990).
Simply speaking, a company’s structure and design can be viewed as its body, and its culture as its soul. Because industries and situations vary significantly, it would be difficult and risky to propose there is a “one size fits all” culture template that meets the needs of all organizations” (Nov 30, 2012). Those organizations who have shared beliefs and values and have organized methods on chain of command going to have positive outcomes. This will help shaping their employees views and performances. The growth and profit of the business relays on their employees and their performances. Culture is the core which will help and encourage all different level workers. If the core itself is weak, it will weaken the atmosphere of the business. Many companies announce that they have great culture but fail to implement to the lower level of workers. The basic issue is when organization has one set of culture and thinks one culture will meet the needs of all the workers. Each business is different and each individual is unique and have different beliefs and behaviors. The culture that is right for one individual might not work the same for the others. The ideal approach in this case would be, looking at the bigger picture of diverse working environment and give importance and respect to what are the ranges of business firms to achieve the perfect culture for organization. Sometimes one size fits all will not going to fit anybody, so the organization have to keep their ideas open and value everyone’s presence respecting all of their culture for the betterment and
Organisational culture is one of the most valuable assets of an organization. Many studies states that the culture is one of the key elements that benefits the performance and affects the success of the company (Kerr & Slocum 2005). This can be measured by income of the company, and market share. Also, an appropriate culture within the society can bring advantages to the company which helps to perform with the de...