Memantine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor (glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells) antagonist used to reduce the symptoms associated with the Alzheimer’s disease, it is recommended for people suffering from moderate to severe stages of Alzheimer’s disease.Excessive amount or activity of glutamate is responsible for bringing about the damage to the brain cells in the people afflicted with Alzheimer’s disease.It works by diminishing the concentration and thus the action of neurotransmitter (brain chemical) known as glutamate.However, Memantine is not a cure for Alzheimer’s disease rather it slows the associated symptoms.Memantine is usually prescribed for individuals who are unable to take medicines (due to …show more content…
The mode of action of Memantine is completely different from other medications utilized for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer’s disease.The action of Memantine is independent of the brain chemical acetylcholine and the enzyme acetylcholineesterase, which are the targets for other medicines used for Alzheimer’s disease.Memantine basically competes with the amino acid glutamate (main brain chemical secreted by nerve cells) which is responsible for contributing to the symptoms of AD for binding to the receptors on the cells’ surface known as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.Blockage of the receptor and thereby the effects of glutamate by Memantine may protect nerve cells of the brain from excessive stimulation by glutamate.Studies have shown that Memantine does not influence the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by other medications of AD such as tacrine, donepezil, or …show more content…
.The drug is metabolized partially via hepatic metabolism and also by renal clearance.Approximately 48% of the total drug is excreted without any change in urine while the remaining being converted to 1-nitroso-deaminated Memantine, 6-hydroxy Memantine, and N-glucuronide conjugate.The terminal elimination half-life of Memantine varies from 60 to 80
The "2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals" held that those business practices that have had a disparate impact effect on the older workers are now considered to be actionable under one national anti-discrimination law (Hamblett, 2004). The case does reaffirm a second Circuit precedent that had been set but which is at odds with what a majority of federal courts have held. The appeals court supported the idea that a layoff plan had been properly brought under the The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) although the company did not have the intention of discriminating.
17). Dowieko (2015) points out that “methods of administration and routes of administration are important factors that affect the user experience” (p.17). There are thirteen different ways that a compound can be introduced to the body (Kamienski and Keogy (2006), Doweiko, 2015, p. 17). Compounds administered by the “enteral method enter the body by the gastrointestinal tract ”(Brody, 1994, Dowieko ,2015, p. 17). “Compounds administered by the parenteral method of drug administration involves the injection of a compound directly into the body” (Dowieko, 2015,
In, The Meursault Investigation by: Kamel Daoud, the narrator—Harun—questions his presence in the world quite often. Sometimes it seems as though he does it out of grief from losing his brother, or frustration that his mother does not bond with him like they used to. After Musa was murdered, Harun had to become the “man of the house” but, he was stuck in is mothers’ grasp forced to wear Musa’s clothing and stay as safe as possible. In fact, if Harun came home with t scratch, his mother would fuss over him as if it were a serious would, such as a broken arm. In all reality, Harun was suffering from a broken heart due to his brothers passing and his mother’s actions throughout the grieving process. Throughout the time that his mother dressed
The molecular formula is C23H27FN4O2, with a molecular weight of 410.49 (Ereshefsky & Mascarena, 2003). Route of administration is oral. Once the drug passes the esophagus and stomach, it makes its way into the small intestines. There are beds of capillaries within the intestine walls.
Viagra is taken orally. It is quickly absorbed into the system and usually reaches its peak concentration in about 30 to 120 minutes. However, as with most orally administered drugs, taking the pill on a full stomach will slow down its absorption (Sildenafil Citrate, par. 5). Viagra is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome p450 system. It is converted into a metabolite that has properties similar to that of the pre-metabolized drug. Viagra and its metabolite have a "terminal half-life of about 4 hours" (Sildenafil Citrate, par. 4). Finally, Viagra is excreted primarily through feces in the form of metabolites (Sildenafil Citrate, par. 7).
Michaels, A. (2007, April 22). Drug Treatment for Dementia Sufferers. Article Directory. Retrieved October 19, 2008, from Articlesbase database.
Lack of acetylcholine is the main cause for loss of memory. In most people throughout the aging process, acetylcholine degenerates over time at a normal rate. In people affected by Alzheimer’s, acetylcholine degenerates at more than double the rate of people unaffected with this disease. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter in the brain that allows communication of information from one nerve cell to an...
Alzheimer’s disease is a complex illness that affects the brain tissue directly and undergoes gradual memory and behavioral changes which makes it difficult to diagnose. It is known to be the most common form of dementia and is irreversible. Over four million older Americans have Alzheimer’s, and that number is expected to triple in the next twenty years as more people live into their eighties and nineties. (Johnson, 1989). There is still no cure for Alzheimer’s but throughout the past few years a lot of progress has been made.
A number of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, including acetylcholine (ACh), somatostatin and glutamate have been found to be deficient in Alzheimer's disease (AD).
“Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, degenerative disorder that attacks the brain's nerve cells, or neurons, resulting in loss of memory, thinking and language skills, and behavioral changes” (Alzheimer’s Foundation of America, 2014). AD is a debilitating disease that interferes with the individual’s quality of life and often causes distress to the loved ones around them. The cause of AD is unknown; however, there are some factors that put individuals at risk for developing AD such as: age (gre...
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, and this terminal, progressive brain disorder has no known cause or cure. Its greatest known risk factor is increasing age which is why is it is infamous for developing in the elderly, typically in ages 65 or over, however for the 5%(1) that develop Alzheimer’s in their 40s or 50s it is known as early Alzheimer’s. Because Alzheimer’s worsens over time, those with it tend to struggle with completing daily tasks especially elderly people. Given that there is no cure for Alzheimer’s, the treatments available slow the worsening of dementia symptoms and improve quality of life for those with Alzheimer’s and their caregivers. It is not known what causes Alzheimer's, however, those with Alzheimer's have been found to have abnormal amounts of protein (amyloid plaques) and fibres.(The amyloid plaques and fibres are found in regions of the brain where problem solving and thinking take place e.g The cerebrum.) Due to the unusual amounts of amyloid plaques and fibres, it reduces the effectiveness of healthy neurons and eventually, destroying them.
In 1906, a German physician named Dr. Alois Alzheimer dealt with a patient that had been battling severe memory and confusion problems and had tremendous difficulty understanding questions and basic functions. Alzheimer suspected that the ailment had more to it than inherent memory loss. During an autopsy of the brain, he discovered that there were deposits of neuritic plaques surrounding the nerve cells and twisted fibers, known as neurofibrillary tangles, inside of the nerve cells. These observations became the definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. The plaques and tangles that develop are a natural part of aging; however, they develop far more aggressively in Alzheimer’s victims. The plaques and tangles then block communication among nerve cells and disrupt the cells processes, eventually killing them. This destruction causes memory failure, personality changes, and problems carrying out everyday functions. Alzheimer’s especially attacks the memory. A victim in the later stage of the disease can...
Lasix is known as the “water pill” it’s a diuretic administrated orally.(1) The active ingredient of Lasix is furosemide, but also includes a number of inactive ingredients including lactose monohydrate NF, magnesium stearate NF, starch NF, talc USP, and colloidal silicon dioxide NF. (1) The peak effects of furosemide are typically seen within the first hour of two after a dose of the medication. (1). Lasix is prescribed for individuals to treat edema that may arise from congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis or renal disease. (1) In adults, furosemide may also be taken to treat hypertension itself.(1) Furosemide comes in 20, 40, and 80mg tablets as well as oral suspensions.(2) Furosemide is absorbed rapidly from oral suspension at 50 minutes, and from tablets at 87 minutes.(2) Food may slow down the absorption of the drug and alter the bioavalibitly.(1) Furosemide binds to plasma proteins, albumin being the main plasma protein that furosemide binds to, at 91-99%, and peak plasma concentrations increase with the increase of a single dose.(2) Furosemide is excreted through the urine and the remainder is excreted in the feces. (2) The half-life for furosemide is approximately 2 hours but the diuretic effects last 6-8 hours. (2)
Thesis/Preview Statement – Alzheimer’s disease (AD) causes a decline in brain function, it destroys healthy nerve cells. Today, we have discussed Causes, Symptoms, and Diagnosis of AD.
Alzheimer’s disease or AD is an incurable disorder of the brain that results in loss of normal brain structure and function. In an AD brain, normal brain tissue is slowly replaced by structures called plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The plaques represent a naturally occurring sticky protein called beta amyloid and in an Alzheimer’s brain, sufferer’s tend to accumulate too much of this protein. Neurofibrillary tangles represent collapsed tau proteins which, in a normal brain along with microtubules, form a skeleton that maintains the shape of the nerve cells. In Alzheimer’s disease, the tau proteins break loose from their normal location and form tangles. Without the support of these molecules, nerve cells collapse and die. As normal brain structure is lost with progression of the disease, brain function also degenerates. Patients afflicted with Alzheimer’s disease display a gradual mental decline. Initially, and most apparently, there is a loss of short-term memory. Eventually, as a patient progresses to later stages of the disease, the brain becomes so damaged that patients can no longer communicate or recognize immediate family or even themselves. They have difficulty walking and standing and frequently fall. In the final stages, they lose bladder and bowel control and have difficulty with swallowing, frequently leaving them malnourished and dehydrated. Eventually, they are forced to remain bedridden and, without the help of life-prolonging measures provided in a hospital, die. However, this level of deterioration is severe and may take as long as twenty years. Because of the disease’s slow progress and its usual later start in a person’s life, a victim of AD will usually die first of natural causes. Under the objectives ...