The class Scyphozoa has about 200 species of jellies, with a wide distribution. “True Jellyfish” have a diverse range of habitats; we can find them in salty estuaries, bays; the pelagic zone of the ocean and the abyssal depths of the ocean. Pelagic Cnidarians are found in the pelagic zone of the ocean. The term “Pelagic” literally defines to, open ocean. Scyphozoan jellyfish are keystone species, being a primary and important predator within their marine ecosystems. They have been a key species in their ecosystems throughout the Phanerozoic Period and also since the middle of the Cambrian Period, which is when fossils of major animal groups first appeared. (Hagadorn et al. 2002; Cartwright et al. 2007; Hagadorn and Belt 2008 cited by Dawson) An ancient origin of the aggregated phenomenon of scyphomedusae as been retrieved from marine fossil deposits dating back to the late Cambrian period Hagadorn et al. 2002 cited by Dawson). Scyphozoans have become more commonly criticized as an ”annoying” species, forming countless problems worldwide. Aggregations and swarms of Scyphozoan jellyfish can negatively affect important aquacultures and injure swimming bystanders. (Reword******They are also known as an invasive species clogging the water intakes of power plants, due to the high concentration of nitrate located in the waters surrounding the plant, thus adversely impacting the human lifestyle further (reword). On top of it, jellyfish also trigger poor oxygen conditions within certain waters where synchronously is the same areas that contain high counts of jellyfish carcasses are deposited***** Reword) (Arai 1997; Mills 2001; Hay 2006; Graham and Bayha 2007; Purcell et al. 2007; Pitt et al. 2009; Richardson et al. 2009; West et al. 2... ... middle of paper ... ...d by Dawson), regarding the more isolated family, Lychnorhizidae, alternative to the recent taxonomic behavior, which includes three distinct families (Kramp 1961 cited by Dawson). The final and fifth way it conflicts is through the family, Nausithoidae. This family is paraphyletic and/or polyphyletic (Figs. 3-5). Even with the debatable oppositions and relationships within the coronates, the phylogenetic locations of tropical shallow water, Nausithoe sp. and genetically outlying deep water species, Nausithoe atlantica and Nausithoe rubra collectively landmark Nausithoidae as a non-monophyletic. Also, the identification of Atorella as a nausithoid (Mills et al. 1987 cited by Dawson) isolates Nausithoidae as a non-monophyletic, which allowed them to interpret their trees as supporting recognition of Family Atorellidae (Eggers and Jarms 2007 cited by Dawson).
Cephalopods are known to be exceptionally intelligent by invertebrate standards and in some respects even rival “higher” vertebrates. These animals have many highly evolved sensory and processing organs that allow them to gain a greater understanding of their environment and their place within it. Due to their advanced structures, many of which are analogous to vertebrate structures, and abilities they have been widely studied. Their methods of learning have been of prime interest and many experiments have been conducted to determine the different ways in which octopuses can learn. From these experiments four main kinds of learning have been identified in octopuses: associative learning, special learning,
Berger, L. R., Hawks, J., Ruiter, D. J., Churchill, S. E., Schmid, P., Delezene, L. K., . . . Zipfel, B. (2015, September 10). Homo naledi, a new species of the genus Homo from the
The Red Lionfish (Pterois volitans) is an invasive saltwater predator that is increasing exponentially in the tropics of the western Atlantic (Benkwitt, 2013). The Lionfish invasion is causing a dramatic decline in native marine reef species due the gluttony of the lionfish.
Orconectes rusticus, also known as Rusty crayfish, are freshwater benthic omnivores that are important in the lentic ecosystem (Nilsson, E, et al, 2012). Nilsson et al, observed how the Rusty crayfish that are native to the Ohio River valley in North America are dispersing to other lakes and becoming an invader of that ecosystem. Rusty crayfish feed on the microphytes, (Nilsson, E, et al, 2012) which are aquatic plants that enhance water transparency and aquatic biodiversity in fresh water ecosystems (Peeters Ehm, et al. (2013)). Microphytes also provide shelter and food for native fishes such as lepomis. Lepomis also prey on the juvenile rusty crayfish. Abundances of rusty crayfish, macrophytes and Lepomis were associated by a feedback that
Blomberg, Lindsey. "The Great Jellyfish Invasion." E: The Environmental Magazine 23.1 (2012): 16-17. Academic Search Complete. Web. 1 May 2012.
Jellyfish Lake is a marine lake. It is connected to the ocean by underwater tunnels. It was formed 12,000 years ago when the ocean water went down and left water trapped inside on an island along with animals that inhabit this lake now. There are two layers of this lake, an oxygenated top layer (mixolimnion) and a bottom anoxic layer (monimolimnion). These layers never mix because the lake is stratified. The top 3 meters of the anoxic layer is bacteria. One of the species of bacteria is purple photosynthetic sulfur bacterium. This layer of bacteria absorbs all the sunlight so that the anoxic layer is dark, but clear. There is depressions of limestone that surrounds the inside of the lake. The size of the lake is 460 m by 160m, surface area- 0.057 sq km and a depth of 50m. There is two species of jellyfish in this lake; Golden jellyfish and Moon jellyfish.
In Chinese tradition, Shark fin soup is called as “a celebration soup”, which people eat it to celebrate in various occasions. Moreover, people also believed that shark fin consisted of diverse nutrition values which provide them virility, wealth, and power(Wolchover, 2011). These beliefs lead to the beginning of poaching for sharks, the top of food chain in the sea world. Surprisingly, although people are aware of the decreasing number of sharks since the old days, around hundred million of sharks are still hunted each year(Heltus, 2013), to be served on luxury tables surrounded by those believers in things that they do not even prove whether the belief is reliable. Therefore, in the generation that people are mostly educated, sharks should no longer have to be continuously killed for their fins.
Everyone enjoys watching cartoons on television, but not many people think about the voice actors behind their favorite characters. Tom Kenny is one of these voice actors, most well known as the voice of Spongebob Squarepants. Outside of Spongebob, I wanted to see what his hobbies are, what’s his favorite color, how tall he is, and so on. Today, we are shifting the focus from the stars to the person behind many of the comedies we all love.
They come in various colors and brands and are similar to a bear in shape.
After careful thought and countless hours of debate, a new mascot has been chosen. The animal selected for this role is called the cuttlefish, The committee has chosen it because of traits proven to be thought provoking and intriguing. Of course, choosing a perfect mascot can be extremely difficult because it needs to be fit the attitude and culture of the school. It helps if the mascot possesses physical prowess or interesting skills. In addition to those, the mascot needs to captivate and entrance. The cuttlefish is a perfect match for our school and has been selected to dethrone the Husky.
Soft corals are grouped in the phylum Cnidaria, class Anthozoa, and order Alcyonacea. Their distinguishing characteristic is that their polyps always bear eight tentacles which are on both edges fringed by rows of pinnules (Fabricius and De’ath, 2002). The common name “soft coral” comes from the fact that they have no massive external skeleton as compared to the more commonly studied hard corals.
One should not think that because zebrafish (Danio rerio) are fishes that they are in some ways less than any mammalian species. They certainly are not. Zebrafish are small shoaling cyprinids, named after the prominent black and white stripes patterns of the adults. Native to the Indian subcontinent, those laterally compressed organisms are widely distributed in slow moving streams and stagnant habitats. Where existent, zebrafish are typically the most abundant species (McClure, et al., 2006, p. 562). They also have a short generation time which allows large numbers to hatch in a short period of time. The species has become popular among enthusiasts due to its hardiness, cold resistance, and facility of breeding. Over the years, selective breeding have created numerous different strands.
Marine organisms continue to amaze scientists with their physiological adaptations that allow them to live and thrive in the largest unexplored habitat known to man. Carl Zimmer argues that “most fish without lungs die” because “lungless fish pump their blood in a simple loop.” Therefore, fish are restrained by a lack of oxygenated blood flow that the heart can receive and will die if they exercise too hard because the heart simply won’t receive enough oxygen to sustain intense exercise. In order to solve this problem many species of teleosts and chondrichthyes possess adaptations that allow them to continue exercising at extremely high speeds without necessarily dying. Tunas, for example, are pelagic thunniform swimmers that have evolved these special adaptations that allow them to maintain high cruising speeds and high metabolic rates. They possess special adaptations in muscle, cardiovascular, and respiratory physiology that set them apart from many other species of teleosts.
Microalgal biotechnology has emerged due to the great diversity of products that can be developed from biomass. Microalgal are photosynthetic prokaryotic or eukaryotic microorganisms that grow rapidly and have the ability to live in different environment due to their unicellular or simple multicellular structure.Microalgal have a simple cellular division cycle which allows them to complete their development cycle in a few hours. Microalgal when subjected to physical and chemical stress can produce high concentration of certain compounds for example proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, polymers and pigments.To produce these products, microalgae are grown using carbon dioxide,sunlight and industrial wastes in open pond systems and photobioreactors . Usage of industrial wastes reduces cost of culture medium nutrients and also reduces environmental problems.The fuel that we obtain now are mostly from fossil fuels and they are not a renewable source of fuel. Thus it is important that we find another alternative source of fuel. The growth of Algae Oil is a recognised process due to its final products and the production of oil is a function of the selection and feeding of a specific strain of algae. The production of Algae Oil is primarily used in the process of producing biodiesel fuel. All Biofuels are made from biomass. These biofuels can all be produced from algae. Microalgae contains oil within its cell. This oil can be used to make biodiesel. There are many kinds of microalgae which contains oil. Once they are grown, the oil is removed from the microalgae using chemicals or by squeezing oil out of the cells using scientific equipment.The oil is used as an ingredient in biodiesel. This oil is changed chemically from plant o...
7 years), they begin their journey back to their birthing grounds to start reproducing. High water