Learning and Consciousness in Octopuses Cephalopods are known to be exceptionally intelligent by invertebrate standards and in some respects even rival “higher” vertebrates. These animals have many highly evolved sensory and processing organs that allow them to gain a greater understanding of their environment and their place within it. Due to their advanced structures, many of which are analogous to vertebrate structures, and abilities they have been widely studied. Their methods of learning have been of prime interest and many experiments have been conducted to determine the different ways in which octopuses can learn. From these experiments four main kinds of learning have been identified in octopuses: associative learning, special learning, …show more content…
This system is able to process information quickly due to the short distances between neurons (Williams, 2011). Williams (2011) notes, by invertebrate standards, octopuses show exceptional cognitive mental capabilities that are rivaled only by some of the “higher” vertebrates, such as chimpanzees, dolphins, and humans. The decentralized design of the nervous system allows for decision making at different levels, i.e.: in the brain, or in the arms, which possess their own peripheral nervous system (Mather & Kuba, 2013; Stolzenburg, 1993). The arm’s nervous system has twice as much “neural firepower” as the brain and contains approximately three-fifths of all the body’s neurons (Stolzenburg, 1993; Williams, 2011). This portion of the nervous system is semi-autonomous, performing with minimal input from the brain but, when necessary, can exert centralized control over the arms (Godfrey-Smith, 2013; Williams, 2011). The arms also contain several sensory organs, including statocysts, olfactory organs and a system that is analogous to the lateral line in fishes (Alves et al., …show more content…
Spatial learning is the ability of an organism to memorize their environment and to use this information to navigate within it. Boal et al. (2000) notes that this type of learning has been demonstrated by other inverts. It has been demonstrated that through spatial learning, octopuses can remember where they have been and have an understanding of distance, likely by utilizing a cognitive map and a working memory (Boal et al., 2000; Mather, 2006; Mather & Kuba, 2013; Stolzenburg, 1993). They also have the ability to orient themselves in space, even when displaced by experimenters and have been shown to use moving landmarks to do so (Alves et al., 2008; Boal et al., 2000; Mather, 2006; Mather & Kuba, 2013). These abilities allow them to navigate many different areas and consistently find their way home. Octopuses often forage far from home and their paths to and from the den do not usually overlap nor do they use the same route multiple times, indicating that they know where they have been and that food will no longer be available there (Boal et al., 2000; Hvorency et al., 2007; Mather, 2006; Mather & Kuba,
The Red Lionfish (Pterois volitans) is an invasive saltwater predator that is increasing exponentially in the tropics of the western Atlantic (Benkwitt, 2013). The Lionfish invasion is causing a dramatic decline in native marine reef species due the gluttony of the lionfish.
Johan, J. B. G. .. d. V. a. J. P. K., 1990. Filial Imprinting and Associatid Learning. THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY, Volume 428, pp. 313-329.
Most people appreciate their hair as the most valuable assets especially for women. However, there are so many problems related to this precious thing nowadays such as hair loss (alopecia), dandruffs and premature greying and balding. The researcher’s team headed by Professor Markus Nothen from University of Bonn and Dr. Roland Kruse from Dusseldorf University in 2005 discovered that the main cause of alocepia is hereditary factors which either because of high androgen receptor formed or variant receptor which develops as a result of genetic change. In addition according to Hoffman (2002), “The most common form of alopecia in men is believed to be due excessive activity of androgens on the scalp where the hairs become miniaturized and pigment production is stopped.” Hamilton (1951); Hoffman (2002); Price (2003); Severi et al., (2003) claimed that conversion towards more potent testosterone is due to elevation level of 5-alpha reductase lead to common baldness. For the genetically derived phenomenon, it supposed to be totally about the hereditary cause and the other exogenous factors will be excluded. However, there are also views from proponents saying that some natural food involves in solving these hair—related problems for example emblica officinalis or amla.
If the partnerships that Planet Shrimp have created are continuing to experience growth, Planet Shrimp should re-assess their marketing strategy. They should evaluate their tactics against key performance indicators such as cost, return on investment, whether the tactics are still aligned with their values, and if they are failing to meet, meeting or exceeding demand. They should also watch their various promotional mix to understand how much exposure they have gained, whether consumer awareness, comprehension and attitude has increased or decreased, and the impact on their sales. From there, Planet Shrimp should consider developing a customer relationship management or database system to anticipate and exceed the expectations of their consumers. Although feedback during the implementation should be gathered and addressed, a thorough evaluation should be conducted for three months to best understand the current market segments’ response to Planet Shrimp and allow for adjustments to be made in future marketing plans. The evaluation period also serves to gather information and begin a projection of which areas of growth Planet Shrimp should focus on.
Crayfish are Crustaceans, which is a type of Arthropod. Crayfish has five pairs of legs which are jointed, counting the pinchers it has to pick up food and defend itself. The other four pairs are used for walking legs. They have a hard exoskeleton and as aforementioned, two, big pinchers. They have two small pairs or smaller antennas to sense food in the water and find a mate, while the bigger antennas are used for touch and making sure it doesn’t bump into things. They have two eyes which are on stalks so they can rotate around, and lastly they have a tail to help with steering and swimming. Crayfish will use their pinchers to catch food and also defend themselves if attacked or threatened. Crayfish are closely related to crabs, lobsters, and shrimp. Some species of crayfish are signal crayfish, red swamp crayfish, and rusty crayfish. Crayfish only live in freshwater and can live in moving or standing water. Crayfish are omnivore, so they eat both plants and animals. Most fossils records of crayfish come from the last 30 million years, but there are some
muscle that our brain is can be trained to do what we want it to do, which means learning
Australia, the continent most equivalent with hell. Just as usual, Australia, turns every animal near it completely evil, the list mainly contains: spiders, snakes, scorpions, and kangaroos, especially the Kangaroos. A prime example of this phenomenon is the Mantis Shrimp. The Mantis Shrimp holds the ability to either punch, stab, or slash with the speed of a .22 caliber bullet. The mantis shrimp is a pure killing machine.
The scientific article, "Retention of Memory through Metamorphosis: Can a Moth Remember What It Learned As a Caterpillar?" attempts to answer five research questions. I will be covering the following three: "Do larvae learn aversive cues?" "Does aversive behavior persist across larval molts?" and "Does aversive behavior persist through metamorphosis?" No hypotheses were provided, but the experiments were successful in reaching conclusive results.
Firstly, the author points out that the whales' brain has a high degree of complexity and their intelligence will provide the ability to navigate by stars. Conversely, the professor mentions that there is no specific relationship between intelligence and navigation. He also brings up an example of a kind of bird ,duck, which is not so much intelligent but born with this ability as an intrinsic feature.
Mermaid Rights Everyone has their own perceptions on things of any nature whether they be bad or good. However, when it comes to an individual, treating someone differently just by the way they look is just inhumane and quite cruel. In one case, although women’s rights have greatly grown since the 19th century, women still endure the unequal rights from some people and the dominance men have in the nation. This concept can be related to Jeannine Gailey’s poem, “Here There Be Monsters” by examining how the ‘fantasized mermaid’ describes how a man treats her just because she looks different and also hints at the fact that the ‘Here’ may be the surface world and how cruel it is seen by another perspective.
As most books do, Madeleine L'Engle’s The Arm of the Starfish has many recurring themes. Similar to books, other forms of stories also contain these themes. This includes movies, music, plays, and poetry. After analyzing Robert Frost’s poem, Two Tramps in Mud Time, I picked up on a few themes that correspond with with the story line of The Arm of the Starfish. Themes are important to recognize in stories because it deepens the reader’s understanding of the emotions within the story.The three main themes I came across between this book, and poem were trust, business, and choosing between good and evil.
As most books do, Madeleine L'Engle’s The Arm of the Starfish has many recurring themes. Similar to books, other forms of stories also contain these themes. This includes movies, music, plays, and poetry. After analyzing Robert Frost’s poem, Two Tramps in Mud Time, I picked up on a few themes that correspond with the storyline of The Arm of the Starfish. Themes are important to recognize in stories because it deepens the reader’s understanding of the emotions within the story.The three main themes I came across between this book, and poem were trust, business, and choosing between good and evil.
visualize exactly what the fish looks like in their heads. It also helps them to infer what
Much like a computer the body has a central processor unit called the Central Nervous System or CNS. This system is comprised of 2 core units; the Brain and the Spinal Cord. According to the (U.S National Library of Medicine, 2014) “they work together and serve as the main "processing center" for the entire nervous system, and control all the workings of the body.” The Brain receives information from a variety of stimuli and uses the spinal cord to send and relay messages to the Peripheral Nervous System or PNS.
The site of Abydos is an outstanding example of Egyptian religious practices and culture. The site has many examples that exhibit its importance as a center for cult practices and religious beliefs in ancient Egypt. Abydos was home to great concentrations of people but it influenced many more than those that actually lived there. Abydos was never a center for political power but for a large part of the dynastic period in Egypt is was a significant area for its funerary and religious practices. Perhaps the most interesting of those influences were those surrounding Egyptian belief about the afterlife.