Islamic Empire Timeline
Information Page
Caliphate Empire:
570 AD – Birth of Muhammad
632 AD – Muhammad Died, the first caliph was succeeded by Abu Bakr, he is also the first Muslim ruler. Considered first caliphate by Sunni’s, Abu Bakr was chosen.
633 AD – Wars of Ridda, suppressed and against the tribes in Arabia, who did not owe loyalty to Abu Bakr. Futuhat begin, Muslim expand and conquest to southern Mesopotamia.
634 AD – Abu Bakr died, he passes the caliphate to Umar, and the Caliphate Empire kept expanding the lands after that.
639 AD – The Muslim calendar is organized, it was organized by Umar.
644 AD – Muslim soldiers caught a slave, which the slave assassinated Umar.
656 AD – The conquest of Islamic Empire kept under the Caliph Uthman.
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661 AD – Ali was assassinated. The Kharijites wants to end the civil war, so they killed all leaders.
661 AD – Ali’s son became the next caliph, he gave the control of the caliphate to Mu’awiya. The Umayyad Caliphate begun.
Umayyad Caliphate:
661 AD – Umayyad Caliphate was established by Mu’awiya
670 AD – The whole Middle East was controlled by Umayyad Caliphate, the Arabs made Damascus as the capital city of Umayyad Caliphate. Mu’awuya raised trained soldiers to expand the land.
680 AD – The Caliph Hussein was killed at Karbala
683 AD – Two Arab groups broke by civil war.
732 AD – The battle of Tours. This was fought between forces under the leader Charles and a massive invaded Islam army led by Emir, near the city of tours. During the fight, the Franks defeated the Islam army and Emir was killed.
740 AD – Rebel show the bad result to the Umayyad Empire.
750 AD – Every caliph of Umayyad Empire was killed but one was not.
Abbasid Caliphate:
750 AD – The Umayyad Caliphate was overthrown by Abbasid Caliphate. The new caliphate-Abbasid Caliphate started.
762 AD – The Abbasid Caliph form Baghdad as their new capital city.
850 AD – The caliphs in Baghdad begin to employ Turkish slaves or in their
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1170 AD – Fatmid power ends in Egypt with his conquest.
1258 AD – When Hulagu and his army got to Baghdad, 800, 000 of the inhabitants are killed, and the caliph was kicked to death.
1517 AD – The last Abbasid caliph was captured by the Ottoman Turks, is taken as a prisoner, ending the line of successor to Muhammad.
Ottoman Caliphate:
1300 AD – Osman led his armies and displaces the Seljuk Turks. He becomes the leader of the new Ottoman Caliphate
1326 AD – When the city falls, Bursa is made into the capital of the Ottoman Caliphate.
1326 AD – Osman died, his son Orhan rules after his death. He control the caliphate to 1345, his son Murad rules next. He sets up system to train the slaves into soldiers know as Janissaries. He died in the battle while defeating the Serbians.
1402 AD – 1413 AD – Civil War. Bayezid’s son fought for control. In 1413 Mehmed wins and reunites the caliphate. He died in 1421
1453 AD – Culture Rises – During Mahmed’s reign, Istanbul becomes a political, cultural, and economic center. A special tax was charged to resident.
1566 AD – Slowly Decline. When the caliph died, his son rules, but he never goes to fight battles and his government is
The political structure of the Arabian and Byzantine empires greatly differed from each other. The Arabian empire was ruled over by a Caliphate. The Caliphate was the successor to the great prophet Muhammad. Politically, the Caliphate sometimes caused trouble for the stability of the empire. With multiple groups such as the Umayyad and the Abbasid believing the were in charge of the Caliphate led to conflicts and violence. An example of conflict would be towards the end of the Abbasid empire when the death of Harun al-Rashid brought several full scale revolutions. Another example would be at the beginning of Abbasid empire when they went as far as too kill off all of the remaining Umayyad leaders to sustain full control with little to no interference. Politically, the Arab/Muslim empire stretched from India and the Middle East into the Africa, the Mediterranean, and Iberia. They also had a large influence in Southeast Asia. When they conquered these areas, there was no forced conversion. On the other hand, they did enforce a higher tax for non-Muslims which prompted people to convert. Only later were there violently forced conversions. A testimony to this would be when the Muslims invaded India and did not touch the Buddhist or Hindus already there. They even respected the Hindu leadership and allowed them to continue. The Muslim empire was successful in other parts of the world due to tolerance, and continued to operate in the face of power struggles.
From the three documents provided, Documents A: Battle of the Yarmuk (Modified), document B: Treaty of Tudmir (Modified) and document C: Fred Donner, I think that the Early Islamic Empire expanded with war, truce, and rare peace. The Empire changed dramatically through the years.
Three Muslim empires rose during the spread of Islam. These empires are different, yet also similar. They are the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals. They united other Muslims but also conquered other territories to form their own empires.
There were two men that wanted to be the first caliph (successor) of Muhammad. The first man, named Abu Bakr, many people believed he was a good candidate because he was an old friend and was one of the first ones to convert to Islam. Yet others believed that Ali Talib was the best choice because he was a cousin and a son in law to the prophet. The disputes between the two groups of people would lead to a split; the followers of Abu Bark became the Sunnis and the followers of Ali became the Shia. At the end, the majority of people decided to choose Abu Bark and he became Islam’s first caliph. Abu Bark was Muhammad’s caliph for only two years until he died; even though it was a short period of time, he accomplished big things. For example, the spread of Islam to Byzantines and the Persians. The other caliphs (Umar, Uthman and Ali) expanded the Islamic empire rapidly and grew faster than any other religion. The Muslims conquered a massive amount of land from Indus River, across North Africa and into Spain. There were many factors that help Islam succeed; for example, people would rather fight for God and their salvation instead of fighting for a king, the use of military force by the Muslims and how easy it was to convert to
In the 16th century, the Mesopotamia had served as an intermediate for trade between Europe, Africa, and Asia. It was also an important supplier on food goods on foreign trade, especially silk and cotton. Other than the Ottoman Empire who had control over it, they also had there competitive rivals, the Persian Safavids who also had control over it. The Persians Muslim faith clashed with the Ottoman’s devotion to Sunnism. Both groups had fought economically for the control over the western trade routes to the East. The Ottomans had captured Europe’s largest city, Constantinople, in May 1453. After it was captured, the Ottoman’s had renamed it Istanbul, as it became the city capital of The Ottoman Empire.
In 610 CE, Muhammad first founded the religion known as Islam. It soon spread out through the Middle East, North Africa, the Mediterranean, and Spain. Once Muhammad died, new Muslim leaders took over the Islamic Empire. Known as caliphs, they ruled the Muslim community instead of Muhammad. When Islam reached Spain, the Jews living there were affected in a positive way. The Jews of the Muslim world led a fair and comfortable life under the Caliphate, however, once the Caliphates were gone, the Jewish golden age was terminated.
Saladin became a close companion of Nur ad- Din . He also accompanied his uncle on three separate expeditions to Egypt between 1164 and 1168. In 1169 Saladin's uncle, Shirkuh, took over the Fatimid caliphate in Egypt and became Vizier of Egypt with Saladin as chief administrator. Shirkuh died nine weeks into his rule and Saladin seized power. By 1171 Saladin had abolished the Fatimid caliphate and placed it under Nur ad-Dins rule. Nur ad-Din died in 1174 and Saladin promptly married his widow and began to establish his sway over the sultans empire. In 1175 Saladin seized Central Syria with his victory at the Battle of Hama. By 1181, with the death of Nur ad-Dins son, Saladin had become the leader of a unified Muslim state.
The Muslim Empire began to expand vastly under the Umayyads, with the empire becoming so large many people were converting to Islam religion. The Umayyads were the second of the four major caliphates after the death of Muhammad. The Empire used many different ways to spread the Islamic civilization consisting of war, classes, and appeal. The Islamic civilization spread so strongly because of the way it allured the common man.
The first empire to establish itself was in Spain (or Al-Andalus) by the Spanish Umayyads whose name came from the great Umayyads of Syria and after their fall the Spanish Umayyads were replaced. At the End of the 11th century two Berber tribes captured the head of Spain and Maghreb which brought Maghreb influences into art. Christian militaries brought several victories which reduced Islam in Spain by the end of the 14th
Mohammed’s life, ministry and death started when the Prophet of Islam was born in the year 570 B.C. Born into an affluent family he would lose both of his parents by the age of six. Mohammed became a camel driver traveling between Syria and Arabia, later he would become a caravan manager for wealthy merchants, which lead him to meet his wife Khadija, 15 years his senior, and she was his only wife until her death 24 years later.
This war tore the Caliphate into factions and cost a great deal to the treasuries of both sides. As with most other occasions in which a man usurps a throne there a long term repercussions and conflicts. Al-Mamun was plagued for a great part of his reign by rebellions. He struggled for five years against an Alid rebellion which tried to install ‘Al-Rida’, or t...
Cicek, Kemal. “The Cambridge History of Turkey. Volume 3: The Later Ottoman Empire, 1603-1839.” Journal of the Economic &Social History of the Orient 52, no.1 (2009): 153-158. EBSCO.
It spread very quickly throw the Islamic world The reputation of the Umayyad rulers was bad during their period of leading the Islamic states. Therefore, the Abbasid tried to overthrow their governmental system. To protect the Umayyad from the Abbasid threat, Al Waleed bin Abdulamalek, one of the ruler of the Umayyad, decided to handle “Al Hameema” (a city in Jordan) to Abdullah bin Abbas, who was the Abbasid leader in 678. One of the Abbasid leader, Abu Hashem, has visited the Caliphate Sulaiman bin Abdulamalek, one of the ruler of Umayyad in Kofa.
The Fatimid Caliphates were a 10th century Ismacili Shici dynasty that conquered the Ikhshidid dynasty in Egypt. The Fatimids claimed lineage rights from the Prophet Muhammad’s daughter Fatima; and, existed during the Golden Age of Islam. “Unlike the cAbbasids or Umayyads, who were led by a caliph approved by the community, the Shica espoused the concept of designation, in which the Prophet Muhammad chose Ali as his successor and in which each subsequent religious leader was a divinely ordained, supreme, infallible Imam who had the final authority in both religious and social affairs.” In 909, the Fatimid was established by the self-proclaimed Imam, Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi, who migrated his missionary work through the Palestine and Egypt before he finally came to settle in North Africa in the city of Raqqada. Throughout history, there have been differing views towards the establishment and core objectives of the Fatimid dynasty being established for economic or for Islamic progression during the Golden Age of Islam; and further, many claimed there was no separation of religion and government within the Fatimid.
Shoutul Humaira'. (2014, January 8). Sultan Muhammad Al Fateh 1453. Retrieved January 30, 2014, from http://keluargaubc.blogspot.com/2012/01/sultan-muhammad-al-fateh-1453.html