To identify inks of similar color from one another from mere observation is near impossible since colors can look identical to the human eye while differing in composition. Therefor, further examination of the components of the ink is needed. Ink is a mixture of substances and these substances have varying molecular polarities. The intrinsic properties of the components of the ink allows for the separation of ink through adsorption chromatography, where the ink is separated based on the attraction to a moving phase (liquid) and stationary phase (TLC plate). Using the Rf equation, the Rf value can be determine to numerically determine the similarity in the inks "R" _"f" "=" "distance from the origin to the center of the spot" /"distance form the origin to the solvent front" (Eq. 1) For the purpose of this experiment, I attempt to disprove what ink was used to write a letter by comparing the Rf values and colors through adsorption chromatrography. But before beginning this experiment, the class posed a series of question to guide our thinking; the questions were: What is the ID of the unknown ink? Can it conclusively be told what pen wrote the letter? What is the best solvent? As stated before, ink is made of components with varying polarity and in order to separate these components we must determine the liquid and stationary phase that does this best. One of the three suspected inks is extracted with a 50% ethanol mixture and dotted onto 7 pieces of paper to be dipped in varying solutions. Each solution varies in polarity with the stationary phase held constant (paper). The solution with the greatest separation of the components within the ink will then be used on a TLC plate (polar) to test all four inks (3 suspected inks a... ... middle of paper ... ... point, the complete and full separation of the components, as those seen in the first part of the experiment, did not happen. This source of determinate error decreased the Rf values. Furthermore, upon placing my TLC plate into the solution I stumbled and threw the TLC plate in the jar. The solution splashed up on the TLC plate, rushing solution to move up and absorb on the TLC plate without capillary action. Because not all the solution that splashed up was not absorbed, it may have either dragged down some of the ink components or allowed for faster capillary action. This source of indeterminate error skewed the result of the Rf values, either increasing or decreasing the distance traveled of the ink. I don’t believe that this was a great source of error because the components of the unknown ink and the pen #3 still rose to similar values with similar separation.
A controversial topic today is whether or not body piercings and tattoos should be accepted by professionals working in health care. Currently, tattoos and piercings are allowed in health care as long as they are not visible. According to one of the studies, “Body piercing is defined as a piercing of the body anywhere other than the earlobes” (Westerfield). Therefore, the only visible piercings allowed are small studs in the lobes of the ears for females. The reason body piercings and tattoos are not suggested in health care is that they keep someone from looking professional as well as making them look intimidating. Not everyone sees them that way. The opposing side is that they do not affect
“Fiction is the truth inside the lie” (Stephen King). Figment of imagination helps improve brain connectivity and responsibilities which enables the brain to escape to a world of illusion. In a world of imagination students explore conflicts within the book. Anecdotes play a significant role in building the strategies used to deal with real world events. Ink and Ashes by Valynne E. Maetani, discusses how mistakes from the past has an impact on your life and may alter your future. Books intended to be read so that we as people can have a different mindset and perspective on things rather than just our own.
To start with, the first separation technique we performed on the heterogeneous mixture was filtration. According to our observations of the residue, we believed graphite was one of the substances in the mixture. Graphite, a known ingredient used in pencils, is black or dark grey in color, like the dark spots on the filter paper (Figure 1B), and has the ability to leave marks on paper and other objects. Of the potential components given to us, only graphite possessed the ability to make a mark on other surfaces. This was supported by the smudges left behind on our finger and filter paper (Figure 1A, bottom filter paper) when we touched the residue.
Tattoo ink is made up of pigments and carrier molecules. Ink is formed of water, alcohol, and glycerin. The pigments that are in the tattoo ink are mineral pigment, organic pigment, vegetable-based pigment, and plastic-based pigment. The pigments contain organic and metallic elemental composition. The plastic-based pigments are very intense colors. There are also pigments that glow in the dark. The reason they have
The lab experiment did prove that Crayola colors are not of pure substances but rather a mixture of specific color compounds needed to produce said colors. The experiment also proved that different color pigments have different densities (the lighter ones moved up the filter paper with the water, while the heavier ones adhered to the filter paper longer.)
At the initial stage of the investigation all the visible evidence is to be observed from the latent impression perspective. At this stage only the physical evidence is taken into account. The objects can be divided into porous and non-porous surfaces from the imprint ability preservation perspective. It is advisable to send all the available evidence to the laboratory expertise, though the non-porous substances...
One type of spectroscopy that is particularly useful in forensics is Raman Spectroscopy which applies spectroscopy to the study of ink on paper. The process involves irradiating a document with monochromatic light (light of one particular wavelength) using lasers and observing the scattering, absorption, intensity, and overall interaction of the light with the ink. From this forensic investigators can determine the type of ink from its chemical composition and determine the manufacture (Braz 1.1). The
Conceivable mistakes could incorporate wrong estimations of the separations went by the inks and errors while ascertaining the proportion went by the ethanol, hydrogen peroxide and colors. One the off chance that a more drawn out beaker was utilized, a more extended piece of chromatography paper could have been utilized. This may have changed the proportions. Another shading may have been available, yet not recognized in view of the chromatography paper length or else the ink pointed wrong. Each shading expresses to the distinctive solutes or ink parts used to make the dark ink. Cannot saw each of these individual segments unless a partition happens. This division just happens when a dissolvable is utilized as a part of which the ink is solvent.
The data from the chromatography portion of the experiment showed that the least polar of the pigments would travel the most and the most polar would travel the least; chlorophyll b was the most polar and carotene was the least polar. The spectrophotometric portion of our experiment support this as well by showing us what wavelengths the pigments reflected and absorbed. With any experiment, however, are there sources of error. One source of error with this experiment would include not cleaning the cuvettes before placing them in the spectrophotometer. The smallest fingerprints or particles can lead to an inaccurate transmittance reading. Also, not using the reference cuvette when changing wavelengths is a source of error because it will lead to an inaccurate reading. Sources of error when using the chromatography paper include, too much or too little time for the solvent to ascend up the paper and the possibility that the solvent level may be too high. When studying photosynthetic wavelengths and pigments, it is known that, depending on the plant, some pigments are absorbed during photosynthesis while others are not. Pigments absorb only the light energy that is necessary in carrying out photosynthesis. This knowledge can assist in determining what areas
"It's best if the ink originates from a substantial maker that has been doing business quite a while, and far and away superior if the craftsmen have attempted the ink on themselves," .The polluted ink in the late flare-up originated from a little retailer, he called attention to.
Energy is the ability to cause change. A type of energy is the powerful rays of the sun. The suns beams are Radiant energy when it hits Earth. Energy comes in different forms such as: heat and sound. When you see things it is reflected of your eyes. Light affects how we see things around us. Thomas Edison designed the first-long lasting incandescent light bulb in 1879. Light travels in waves and is emitted from a source. The sun gives of Visible and Ultraviolet light. Light waves have peaks and valleys. The peaks and valleys have wavelengths. It depends on the type of the light. There is light on an Electromagnetic spectrum and it has all types of different lights. The Electromagnetic spectrum has different types of rays. The sun emits different types of light. It gives of Infrared light, Visible light, and Ultraviolet light. The shortest wavelengths are: Gamma rays, X-rays, and Ultraviolet rays. The longest wavelengths are: Infrared rays, Radar, F...
Figure 3 illustrate reproducible color gamut comparison in CIELAB space for six diffrented papers printed via Konica Minolta CF3102. All papers have relatively same gamut shape but different in gamut volumes. Color gamut volumes of different papers calculated from figure 3 are shown in Table 2. The lowest gamut volume related to paper B and C which specialized from other papers with their lowest paper whiteness. Whiteness is the measured reflectance across all wavelengths in the visible-light spectrum (380-780 nm) and provides information about the color reproduction capability of paper.
Paperclips are an everyday use in today's world. They hold our papers together, when we don’t want to use a stapler that will poke the unwanted holes into our paper. They also keep our papers organized and neat. There are many types of paper clips that were created, but only a few really were the ones. Over the many years, since ancient Eurasia, the clip has made its way through many patents, inventors, machines, and much more. There are many different colors, sizes, forms of paper clips.
We then placed several dots as specified by the lab protocols, for instance placing a pencil dot in from the edge. Then, using a capillary, we spotted the 3cm spot about five times with spinach extract, that was obtained in column chromatography. Students, the placed a spinach leaf on the paper, covering 7 and 10cm dots. Using a quarter, students rolled over the leaf from about the 7 to 10cm mark several times. We then rolled the paper into a cylinder and stapled it. Once the paper was placed in a beaker containing 30ml of 90/10 hexanes to acetone mixture, foil was placed on top. Once the solvent reached about 1cm from the top of the paper, we took it out and marked the solvent front and again outlined every spot. We again, measured the distance to the solvent front and to the center of each spot—and calculated the Rf values for each spot. The colors for each spot, for both this and the paper chromatography were
However, 100% removal cannot be assured. Diverse types of ink react differently to the laser process. Black and red inks are typically the easiest to eradicate. Some light blues and light greens are harder to remove. Also, it is hard to tell what additives are enclosed in any given ink by any given manufacturer, so not all inks react the same way.