“… holidays are widely regarded as a `necessary' part of contemporary life” (Smith, & Hughes, 1999, p. 124). Smith and Hughes discuss this quote in their study Disadvantaged families and the meaning of the holiday and discover, the importance families place on holidays. When examining leisure, a range of disciplinary approaches can be applied, and in this case psychology and sociology will be explored. More specifically psychology and how body image and cyber bullying can impact leisure participation, along with sociology, which gives an insight into gendered leisure and social class. This essay will explore inequality and will be achieved by critically examining 5 young people with disabilities on a trip to The Melbourne Cup. By applying psychology and sociology disciplines to the hypothetical study can help explain the continued inequality young people with physical disabilities experience in current society when participating in leisure activities.
The 5 young people who are attending this trip to Melbourne are all females who have a physical disabilities and are aged between 18-23 years of age. The girls will arrive in Melbourne where they will be taken to their hotel in the CBD to settle in and explore the facilities of the hotel. In the afternoon the girls are off to watch the Melbourne Victory Soccer team. On day 2, the girls will be taken on a guided tour of Melbourne where they will visit all of Melbourne’s iconic Landmarks and take lots of photos, which they will share with their family and friends via facebook. On day 3, the girls attend the Melbourne Cup and experience horse racing for the first time. On the last day, the girls go to the beach to relax before their flight home later in the evening.
When discus...
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...iological Review, 19(1), 76-84.
Slonje, R., & Smith, P.K. (2008) Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying?.
Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49(2), 147-154. doi: 10.1111/j.1467- 9450.2007.00611.x.
Smith, V., & Hughes, H. (1999). Disadvantaged families and the meaning of the holiday. International Journal of Tourism Research, 1(2), 123- 133.
Veal, A., Darcy, S., & Lynch, R. (2013). Australian Leisure (4th ed.). Frenchs Forest: Pearson Australia.
Willard, N. (2005). Educator’s guide to cyber bullying: Addressing the harm caused by online social cruelty. Retrieved from http://www.accem.org/pdf/cbcteducator.pdf.
Wilson, T.C. (2002). The paradox of Social Class and Sports Involvement: The Roles of Cultural and Economic Capital. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 37(5), 5-16. doi: 10.1177/1012690202037001001.
In her article “How the Internet Has Changed Bullying”, Maria Konnikova explained how bullying has reached technology, and in the workplaces of many adults. The Internet has made it harder to escape from bullying, and easier for bullies to escape from confronting their victims. Furthermore, the author stresses that cyberbullying not only targets high schoolers, but it’s affecting the lives of college students as well (Konnikova 1). Cyberbullying takes place in the Internet world where is easier for a bully to gossip and humiliate multiple of victims in a faster pace. The studies have shown that cyberbullying is making a greater impact in the victims’ and the bullies’ lives more than the traditional bullying and many people are not aware of it; therefore the schools, witnesses, and employers should work together to fight against cyberbullying and provide help to the victims and bullies.
McKay, Jim, Michael A. Messner, and Don Sabo. Masculinities, Gender Relations, and Sport. London: Sage Publications Inc., 2000.
Social-class played an important role in sports. It dictated who could participate in what sports and to what level of participation. The terminal factor associated with social class was money. Money was the means to obtain the equipment necessary to partake in the sports. Without money, one couldn't perform organized sports. Furthermore, this issue was only limiting the already restricted minorities. Barriers between social-classes resulted in sports also being separated by social-class. The middle-class and upper-class took on sports such as football and boxing. They could afford the equipment for the organized sports. However, the lower-class didn't have much money, so they made do with what they had. One "sport" that was exclusively a lower-clas...
Coakley, J. J. (2007). Sports in society: issues & controversies (9th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Literature has shown there is a constructive correlation between an individuals socioeconomic status (SES) and their participation in sporting activities. This piece of writing will be defining the impact social class division has on the opportunities for an individual to participate in sport and leisure activities. Also the key aspects of the social class system within the United Kingdom, from the traditional methods of social stratification, to the modern 7 class system released in 2013 by the British Broadcast Corporation (BBC). The term 'Social Class' or 'Socioeconomic Groups' , refer to an individuals status within society. There are various factors which determine an individual's status, such as; income, family background and educational experiences. This socioeconomic status can be seen as a status hierarchy in which three main common social classes are informally accepted in the majority of societies: Upper Class, Middle Class and Working Class (Wesson et al, 2000).
Trolley, Barbara, Linda Shields, and Constance Hanel. Demystifying and Deescalating Cyber Bullying in the Schools: A Resource Guide for Counselors, Educators, and Parents. Print.
Spaaij’s book is well-written as he is able to detail clearly to the readers the processes of how each type of capital (social, cultural and economic) is developed through sport participation and how they enhance social mobility. I also like how Spaaij is a reflective researcher who critically analyses his arguments (Holloway & Biley, 2011). Although he argues that sport can enhance social mobility, he also acknowledges that 1) sport can simultaneously create barriers and inequalities that prevent some from moving up the social ladder and 2) whether sport can promote social mobility or not is contingent on social contexts as there may be structural constraints that hinder such effect of sport, for example, racial discrimination in labour market
Dealing with the issue of sport and ethnology, three major factors come to mind; prejudice, racism, and discrimination. These factors span across gender, ethnic, racial, religious, and cultural groups. In the following paragraphs, I will discuss how these factors have played a part in the evolution of sport in our society. The first issue tackled in this paper will be racism in sports, followed by prejudice and discrimination.
Sports are a part of the social and cultural contexts in which we live. They change overtime and reflect the history and culture of certain societies. Sports have become a large part of our society, in the recreational and the professional sense. The traditional definition of sports according to Coakley and Donnelly (2009:4) “are institutionalized competitive activities that involve rigorous physical exertion or the use of relatively complex physical skills by participants monitored by internal and external rewards”. Sports, as a part of our society, are social constructions, that is, they are given meaning by people as they interact with each other under the social, political, and economic conditions that exist in their society (Coakley and Donnelly 2009:14). Due to the prominence and reverence of sport in our society, acts that are perceived as deviant in certain social situations are accepted in the realm of sport. Since athletes are held in such high graces in society, they internalize an extreme sense of self-confidence, defined as hubris, and they believe themselves to be “separate from and above the rest of the community” (Coakley and Donnelly 2009:160). Thus, since athletes believe they are above society, they believe that they can violate norms and commit deviant acts without consequence. As well, spectators of sports see these athletes committing these acts and attempt to mimic the behaviour that is being displayed. Sport is a product of culture and is intended to promote positive outcomes for the individual and society. Unfortunately the realm of sport has become tainted through deviant acts committed by coaches, athletes, administration, and even fans, which has led to sport becoming a threat to our society.
Technology has given individuals the opportunity to change the game of bullying. Cyber-bullying is one of the most common forms of bullying as of today. The Internet has no boundaries so the public has access to endless and countless number of things. Cyber-bully is the electronic posting of mean-spirited messages about a person (as a student) often done anonymously according to Merriam-Webster dictionary. While traditionally bullying and cyber-bullying are very comparable in forms of technique that also have many differences. Cyber-bullying gives the bully the benefit of hiding their identity behind a screen. This makes it easier to tear people down because they do not have to come in contact with anyone. It’s the easiest form of bullying. These can happen in text messages, chat rooms, email, websites, excluding people from certain online activities, digital photos, and social media. Cyber bullies have unlimited supplies of ways to hurt someone. It is difficult to conduct a study on cyber-bullying because the majority of people will not confess or admit to it. Instead, in the article “Cyber-bullying among adolescents: Measures in search of a construct.” Researchers sit and listen through the grapevine on what is going on inside of schools. They found out that cyber-bullying is more dealt with within adolescents than traditional interaction bullying. (Mehari, K. R., Farrell, A. D., & Le, A. H.) Cyber-bullying can cause more
The physical abuse that used to happen in the halls and on the playgrounds is no more. Time has changed bullying into a twenty-four hour, seven day a week, occurrence. The pain these children are suffering, from being bullied over the web, is not something you can put an ice pack over. The psychological hurting is what gets to them. The agony these children endure is just as real, and may be even more excruciating to bear. With cyber bullying becoming a sweeping problem for children, there needs to be a solution. Adults, educators, legislators, and even children need to prevent this type o...
McQuade, III, Samuel, James Colt, and Nancy Meyer. Cyber Bullying: Protecting Kids and Adults from Online Bullies. First Edition. Road West, Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2009. 47-49. Print.
Internet usage in children and adolescents has been increasing in a steadily fashion in the past number of years and with the increase in internet usage, a new form of bullying has developed – Cyber bullying. Cyber bullying can be defined as “the electronic posting of mean-spirited messages about a person,” (Merriam-Webster, 2012). This form of bullying can come through various mediums including but not limited to text messages, emails, videos, and social networking sites. There is an overwhelming amount of information that defines cyber bullying, identifies the demographics of bullies and victims of cyber bullying, and identifies the outcomes of cyber bullying on victims. More focus needs to be placed on who the perpetrators of this form of violence are and how this form of violence is linked to traditional bullying. This will allow researchers and practitioners to move forward with research and implementation preventative methods and intervention once the problem has already occurred.
Limber, S. P., Kowalski, R. M., & Agatston, P. W. (2008). Cyber bullying: A prevention curriculum for grades 6 - 12. (pp. 1-146). Center City, MN: Hazelden.
Stutzky suggests that cyber bullying is the use of modern communication technologies to embarrass, humiliate, threaten, or intimidate an individual in the attempt to gain power and control over them. Bullying has been around since the beginning of time. These days however, bullying isn’t just happening on the playground, it’s happening on the internet and mobile phones, making it possible to bully a child 24 hours a day. Cyber bullying follows children around the clock and into the safety of their own bedrooms. A recent survey by MindOh!, an educational company that follows youth trends, reported that nearly 80% of the 5,500 teens that were surveyed said that they had been exposed to cyber bullying. Cyber bullying affects the mental health of so many young adolescents around the world, and the issue is steadily increasing as more and more ways to bully are created.In extreme incidents, cyber bullying has led teenagers to suicide. Most victims, however, suffer shame, embarrassment, anger, depression and withdrawal. While technology continues to evolve, new means of communication enable today’s bullies to become more effective in terrorizing and tormenting their victims. The aim was to increase awareness and decrease the prevalence of cyber bullying- Year 9 at Meridan State College being the stakeholders (people involved).