1. Introduction
Longely et al (2005) state that there are many possible ways of defining spatial analysis but at the end all the definitions express the basic idea that information on locations is essential. Analysis carried out without knowledge of locations is not spatial analysis (Longely et al, 2005). Spatial data analysis (SDA) is a set of techniques created to support a spatial perspective on data (Goodchild et al, 1992). SDA can be differentiated from other forms of analysis by definition. It might be defined as a set of techniques whose results are dependent on the locations of the objects or events being analyzed, requiring access to both the locations and the attributes of objects (Goodchild, 1987; Goodchild et al, 1992). Spatial analysis is the heart of GIS because it includes all of the transformations, manipulations, and methods that can be applied to geographic data to add value to them. In a nutshell, spatial analysis is the process by which raw data is turned into useful information, in scientific discovery and decision making (Longely et al, 2005). A geographical information system (GIS) provides a powerful collection of tools for the management and visualization of spatial data. These tools are more influential when they are integrated with methods for spatial data analysis (Krivoruchko and Gotway, ). Bailey and Gatrell (1995) distinguish between spatial phenomena using the basic GIS operations such as spatial query, join, buffering, and layering and spatial data analysis as the application of statistical theory and techniques to the modeling of spatially referenced data, which is the discipline of spatial statistics. ArcGIS spatial analyst provides powerful spatial modeling and analysis features. GIS ...
... middle of paper ...
...considered to be that of the contained rain gauge station. The amount of rain falling on each polygon can be calculated as the amount recorded by the rain gauge multiplied by the area of the polygon (Aronoff, 1989)
b) Inverse-Distance Weighting
Inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation is a method that enforces the condition that the estimated value of a point is influenced more by nearby known points than by those farther away (Chang, 2010). Inverse distance weighted estimates cell values by averaging the values of sample data points in the vicinity of each cell. The closer a point is to the center of the cell being estimated, the more influence it has in the averaging process (ESRI, 2001).
c) Kriging
Kriging is a geostatistical method for spatial interpolation. Kriging has the ability to assess the quality of prediction with estimated prediction errors.
Glickman, Todd S. (ed.) (2000). Glossary of Meteorology (2nd ed.). American Meteorological Society. ISBN 978-1-878220-34-9.
As Americans we live in isolation, surrounded by advertisements, electronic screens, fast food, the internet, etc. We live these lives while thousands scream out in hunger and thirst begging to nourish their families. Living lives in excess, often unknowingly supporting a system that is not sustainable, breeds capitalism, and unplugs us from the rest of the world. Having been raised in a typical suburban home my ideas of culture were going to Olive Garden or walking by Riverside in Minneapolis. However, Geography 111 has challenged what I believed, truly allowing me to grasp that I am not part of solution I am problem that spreads neocolonialism, capitalism, and western culture wherever a profit can be made. Learning about these topics and combining it with a geographical perspective I know will enable me to break from the molds and forge new paths.
Weather is like an author in itself, telling a story. In the book Holes. There was a vast, vibrant lake that made the town living by it survive. The lake produced every kind of nourishment for the town. It was the center of life. When Sam, the simple black man making a living from the lake crops, is murdered, the town suddenly stops getting rain. The lake ends up drying up and the town lays to waste. The lack of rain symbolizes the harsh payback the murderers had coming. It was a punishment to the town. Also Sam's girlfriend Kate is telling the story at that point, so the dried up lake means a sense of hopelessness for her. She wants to dry up and die just as the lake that Sam had lived on had done. Hopefully everyone knows the story of Stanley
In the book “Why Geography Matters More Than Ever”, the author, Harm de Blij, discusses the importance of geography, how it can affect us in any place or any time, and why it matters. But most importantly, he succeeds to advance our perception of the world’s geography. Throughout the book de Blij highlights the many benefits of being educated about geography. He explains that it is important that we are informed about this topic so we can be more prepared for the events happening around the world. This book illustrates just how essential it is to be well-educated when it comes to geography.
There's always something new to research in geography: new nation-states are created, natural disasters strike populated areas, the world's climate changes, and the Internet brings millions of people closer together. Knowing where countries and oceans are on a map is important but geography is much more than the answers to trivia questions. Having the ability to geographically analyze allows us to understand the world in which we live.
This paper addresses a currently relevant topic of detection of associations of copy number polymorphism with traits and will be of interest to readers of Genetics Research.
Space-Time Clustering is a method of data analysis whereby the data objects are grouped with reference to a specific place and time. Space time clustering is therefore involve finding clusters that emerge during a particular time interval at particular places. Spatial cluster detection allows the identification of locations, shapes and sizes of potential anomalous spatial regions. The analysis of these clusters aid in the understanding of current patterns and prediction of future ones using a data-driven approach or a model-based approach.
This chapter describes an experimental of using Iterative Least Square (ILS) with the application of GPS navigation base on Matlab programming software. The psuedorange and satellite position of a GPS receiver at fix location for a period of 812 seconds is provided.
GIS is an emerging method of data storage and interpretation. GIS is, simply put a database. It is many tables of data organized by one common denominator, location. The data in a GIS system is organized spatially, or by its physical location on the base map. The information that is stored in the database is the location and attributes that exist in that base map, such as streets, highways, water lines, sewers, manholes, properties, and buildings, etc. each of these items don’t just exist in the database, the attributes associated with the item is also stored. A good example of this would be a specific sewer line, from and arbitrary point A to a point B. Ideally, the sewer line would be represented graphically, with a line connecting the two points or something of the like. When one retrieves the information for that line in particular, the attribute data would be shown. This data would include the size of pipe, the pipe material, the upper invert elevation, the downstream invert elevation, the date installed, and any problem history associated with that line. This is the very gist of what a GIS system is.
Exploration and mining is the process of discovering, extracting and managing of ores. These resources require the use of GIS to give companies the tools and technology to display volumes of data required to put the mines to optimum efficiency. An example of the use of GIS in Exploration and mining is in the article named Assessing the Success of Surface Coal Mine Reclamation; this article explains the benefits of using GIS and how I helped detect erosion in the mines.
De, Blij Harm J., and Peter O. Muller. Geography: Realms, Regions, and Concepts. New York: J. Wiley, 1997. 340. Print.
Whether or not people notice the importance of statistics, people is using them in their everyday life. Statistics have been more and more important for different cohorts of people from a farmer to an academician and a politician. For example, Cambodian famers produce an average of three tons or rice per hectare, about eighty per cent of Cambodian population is a farmer, at least two million people support party A, and so on. According to the University of Melbourne, statistics are about to make conclusive estimates about the present or to predict the future (The University of Melbourne, 2009). Because of their significance, statistics are used for different purposes. Statistics are not always trustable, yet they depend on their reliable factors such as sample, data collection methods and sources of data. This essay will discuss how people can use statistics to present facts or to delude others. Then, it will discuss some of the criteria for a reliable statistic interpretation.
These are some conventions that are seen in a variety of situation comedies. However, in order to understand how they work, there needs to be an understanding of why and how they are used. This can be done by performing a Textual Analysis. According to Brennen (2013) describes textual analysis as a method, “all about language, what it represents and how we use it to make sense of our lives” (Brennen, 192). Brennen (2013) breaks down textual analysis by first defining what ‘text’ is. A text is anything we use to make meaning from. This means that anything from a book to a film to a website to popular music can all be considered a text. The goal of a textual analysis is to evaluate the meaning (or meanings) found in these texts and attempt to
Crime mapping is a fairly simple concept. The push-pin maps that can be seen in any police show are entering the digital era. Digital crime mapping software improves the police’s ability to respond to situations and analyze crime in leaps and bounds. What before might have taken different sets of eyes can now be done by entering in multiple sets of GPS co-ordinates. Crime mapping can be used to identify patterns in crime, as well as allow officers in the field to simultaneous view the same map, even as it is updated with new information. Imagine that each squad car has this map software installed and there is a search for a bank robber. There is a tip line open, and every single time a tip is confirmed this new location shows up on the map in the squad cars allowing the car closest to the siting to take off immediately. It also gives the rest of the on duty officers a glimpse at the robber’s supposed progress and any one of them might see a pattern emerging allowing them to lay in wait for the robber at his next stop.