Hodgkin’s Disease
Cancers arising from the lymph nodes or other sites of lymphoid tissue are broadly termed lymphomas. This group of diseases is divided into Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. In both conditions, there is a replacement of normal lymphatic tissue by collections of abnormal lymphoma cells.
The lymphatic system are a complex network of specialised cells and organs that defend the body against infection. Lymphatic organs include the bone marrow, spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, appendix and clumps of tissue in the small bowel. A function of the lymphatic system is to nurture and mature the B and T-lymphocytes (white blood cells vital to immune function). Cancerous changes can take place when mutation leads to failure of the cells maturing of the lymphoid cells.
Lymphomas are regarded as cancers of lymphocytes. The process which lymphoma occurs consists of a series of events where normal lymphocyte cells cease to mature and develop in an orderly fashion. The genetic make-up of the lymphocyte is altered, resulting in the formation of altered lymph tissue (tumours) or altered lymphocyte secretions. Typically, patients present with a painless swelling of lymph node, with or without fever and night sweats and weight loss.
How Hodgkin’s Is Caused.
The exact cause of Hodgkins disease isn’t known. However, different of how it is caused.
1. Viruses
The Epstein-Barr virus is a herpes virus that causes infectious mononucleosis (also known as glandular fever). Epstein-Barr virus genes have been identified in tissue samples of approximately 20-50% of individuals with Hodgkin’s disease. However, it is yet to be established whether the Epstein-Barr virus can cause Hodgkin’s disease. The most of people who develop glandular fever will not develop Hodgkin’s disease.
2. Genetics
Hodgkin’s disease is associated with a number of rare immune disorders. Chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematous have also been associated with Hodgkin’s disease. Further, the recipients of heart, kidney and other organ transplant have been found to be at an increased risk of developing the illness.
There is some evidence suggesting that first degree relatives of individuals with Hodgkin’s disease is at a small, but increased risk of developing the disease. However, Hodgkin’...
... middle of paper ...
... the most promising prognosis. It is more common in males and often occurs in the younger age group. Patients usually present with stage 1 or 2 disease and rarely suffer from B-type symptoms.
Nodular Sclerosis
This group accounts for approximately 50% of all cases and is associated with a good prognosis. It is more common in females and regularly occurs in the 15-35 year age group. Patients usually present with stage 1 or 2 disease and rarely suffer from B-type symptoms.
Mixed Cellularity
This group accounts for approximately 40% of all cases. It is associated with an intermediate prognosis. It is more common in males and is seen in the 30-40 year age group. Patients often present with stage 3 or 4 disease, the majority of which suffer from B-type symptoms. Disease is frequently found to have spread throughout the abdomen.
Lymphocyte Depleted
This group accounts for approximately 5% of all cases. It is associated with the worse prognosis. It is most commonly seen in elderly males. Patients typically present with advanced staged disease and B-type symptoms. Lymphocyte depleted Hodgkin’s disease closely resembles non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
Causes of Hodgkin’s lymphoma are not known but it is most common in young people age 15 to 35 and in older patents of 50 to 70 years old.
Hodgkin 's Lymphoma occurs when following a mutation in the lymphocyte DNA. The mutation occurs after birth, meaning that Hodgkin’s disease is not hereditary. The mutated DNA can lead to the uncontrolled growth of cancerous lymphocytes if untreated. The cancerous lymphocytes produce tumor masses in the lymph
Merriam-Webster defines mononucleosis as: "an acute infectious disease associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and characterized by fever, swelling of lymph nodes, and lymphocytosis."1 It is more commonly called "mono," or "the kissing disease." When I was thirteen, I caught this dreaded disease, and it changed the ways I acted around my friends forever.
So watching out for oats and cereals that state gluten free. Calcium is nutrients for the growth and development of bones. Patients with Celiac Sprue lack calcium which can lead to osteoporosis. Sucrose is and artificial sweetener and sugar substitute that can be found in sweet peas, dried fruit, and peaches. Sucrose and lactose contain disaccharides, disaccharides cannot be absorbed for the small intestine which can cause diarrhea, gas, and bloating (Thompson, 2008). That’s why we want to watch intake of sucrose and lactose in Celica Sprue
Located throughout the body along the vessels of the lymphatic system are the lymph nodes. Lymph nodes contain lymphocytes. Lymph nodes collect pathogens from the lymph and expose them to lymphocytes.
Hodgkin’s lymphoma is a form of cancer in the lymphatic system. This type of lymphoma originates in the white blood cells, and spreads throughout the lymph nodes in the body. The cause of Hodgkin’s lymphoma is unknown, and it is sometimes found by chance. This disease is typically treated with chemotherapy and radiation and, if found in the early stages, the patient has a good chance of being fully cured.
Alessio Fasano, MD; Irene Berti, MD; Tania Gerarduzzi, MD; Tarcisio Not, MD; Richard B. Colletti, MD; Sandro Drago, MS; Yoram Elitsur, MD; Peter H. R. Green, MD; Stefano Guandalini, MD; Ivor D. Hill, MD; Michelle Pietzak, MD; Alessandro Ventura, MD; Mary Thorpe, MS; Debbie Kryszak, BS; Fabiola Fornaroli, MD; Steven S. Wasserman, PhD; Joseph A. Murray, MD; Karoly Horvath, MD, PhDP 2003 Prevalence of Celiac Disease in At-Risk and Not-At-Risk Groups in the United States Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(3):286-292
The disease has an unpredictable clinical course. This means it’s hard to give a prognosis in any single patient.
Bratton, R. L., Whiteside, J. W., Hovan, M. J., Engle, R. L., Edwards, F. D. (2008). Diagnosis
Public school K-12 must implement school uniforms across the nation to bring the benefits of a decent education system. There will be less bulling, which will enable students to feel safe. There will be no gang related issues. Parents will not have to pay lots of money for their kids’ clothes. Also parents will not have to worry about what the kids are wearing to school. There will be less stolen valuables from the students. Students will be disciplined causing them to focus more on school, preparing them for a bright future. Females will not be sexually harassed and not bring unwanted attention. There will be less peer pressure to wear clothes that is in style or brand name. School uniforms must be implemented by public schools, K-12, because of the benefits it that come along.
Since the gene for HD is dominant, there is a 50% chance of a sufferer's
Students are being bullied, bringing weapons and drugs to school, and fighting every day for numerous reasons. Uniforms would decrease bullying and make each student feel equal and not because they can’t afford the name brand items that other students wear. All students should be required to wear the same uniform, which would make each student feel more comfortable attending school. The uniforms could be a plain solid colored polo with khaki pants or blue jeans. Having a dress code would prevent the display of gang activity within the school and increase the safety of students in our community. Peer pressure pulls many students to react in ways they should not. For example, students wear clothing with multiple pockets and could easily carry weapons or items that are not permitted at school. Uniforms would increase the safety of students and allow them to learn in the best environment possible. In 2013, in Virginia, classroom discipline improved with a high of 85 percent and the student’s safety 79
...ich are considered in analog to digital converter are current source, comparator and error sources.
What if you did not have to worry about what you wear every day? School uniforms have been under discussion and have become an argumentative topic in all schools. Research has shown varied results in the performance of students who wear and do not wear uniforms. School uniforms should be required in all schools because they improve behavior and they save time as well as money.