1 Introduction
1.1 Granular Flow
Granular flow is a phenomenon of significant importance in industries and nature. Granular material is a solid matter which consists of many individual small particles. Movement of particle assemblies can be understood as granular flows. In granular flows, direct particle-particle interactions are dominant. Figure 1.1: Granular flow in a pebble bed reactor [1].
Ordinary fluid flow is different from granular flow so study of every particle’s behavior is necessary. Different physical phenomena, like interaction between particles and
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Electrostatic Forces
They occur between electrically charged particles and are described by Coulomb’s law.
Liquid Bridge Forces
Surface tension effects in wet particle assemblies cause the Liquid bridge forces. When the particle diameter is 1 mm, then these forces become dominant.
Liquid Bridge Model
When a liquid phase and dry granular material are added to each other, then different forms of liquid distribution can be noted:
a) Capillary state.
b) Funicular state.
c) Pendular state. Figure 4: Different states of liquid distribution [4].
All pore spaces are filled with liquid in the capillary state and no liquid bridges exit between the particles. Funicular state occurs if the fluid fraction in the pore spaces is particularly decreased and completely filled pore spaces and liquid bridges exist together. While pendular state occurs when fluid exists only between the two particles. Only for this case, the calculation of the shape of the liquid bridges and the associated forces is comparatively easier. Liquid bridge forces are mostly long-range forces in wet granular bed
enclosure is driven by the strength of the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules, leading
Point release avalanches, or loose snow slides, begin at one point on a slope and get progressively wider as they proceed down the slope. A fundamental characteristic that must be present for this type of avalanche to occur is a surface layer of cohesionless, or nearly cohesionless, snow (University of Colorado IBS 1975; Fredston and Fesler 1994). An initially small amount of snow begins to move downward when the force of gravity is greater than the forces of cohesion at a particular angle or when debris from above starts the s...
such as clay, shale, or blast-furnace slag. Either a dry or a wet process is
Therefore, the amount of water, which is the inorganic layer, will be higher than the eygenol oil in the distillate that was
“I Stand Here Ironing” by Tillie Olsen, is a story about a mother's struggle to balance the demands of raising children and having to work to make ends meet during the Great Depression. The story’s primary focus is on the relationship between the narrator, a mother, and her first child, Emily. Throughout the story, the narrator reflects on the decisions and mistakes she made while raising Emily. The narrator was detached from Emily almost completely during her younger years, but she desires an emotional connection to her, like she has with her other children. She also wants Emily to have a better life than she had.
A representation of the slow decrease in flux that can result from consolidation of the fouled layer is presented in figure 2.4.
The hypothesis of this experiment: The volume of two substances, whether it be water & water, isopropyl alcohol & water, or vegetable oil & water; they will always be additive when mixed together and measured. The density will remain equal. This ruling is based on a contradiction with the statement made by Mark W. Meszaros, PhD, stating that they will be subtractive.
Viscosity is the tendency of a fluid to resist flow and can be thought of as the internal friction of a fluid. Microscopically, viscosity is related to molecular diffusion and depends on the interactions between molecules or, in complex fluids, larger-scale flow units. The opposite of the viscosity is the fluidity which measures the mobility for fluid layers (Secco et al, 2013). Viscosity is affected by the temperature and composition of the fluid and, for compressible fluid, also by pressure (Serway et al, 2012).
POPOSITY is referred to as the amount of empty space there is within the grains of the rock. Highly porous rocks like sandstones, on a good day have porosities of 5% to 25%. this gives them a large amount of space to store fluids like oil, water, and gas. PERMEABILITY is a measure of the degree in which the pore spaces in a rock are interconnected. A rock with high permeability will let more gas and liquids to flow very easily through the rock.
This diagram shows particles that move quickly.... ... middle of paper ... ... If I did the experiment again, I would.
On a more scientific note I am interested in mechanics of fluids. This interest was enforced last year when I had the opportunity to attend a lecture on fluid mechanics at P&G. At the conference I greatly expanded my knowledge regarding the physical aspect of fluids and their properties. In last year's AS course we have met a topic in this field. I will be applying ideas and knowledge gathered from last year for this investigation.
Changes in starting materials (including physical properties, such as density, viscosity or particle size distribution that may affect the process or product);
There are three main variables that determine whether a liquid will posses capillary action. (Davis, 1995)
Since the days of Aristotle, all substances have been classified into one of three physical states. A substance having a fixed volume and shape is a solid. A substance, which has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape, is a liquid; liquids assume the shape of their container but do not necessarily fill it. A substance having neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume is a gas; gases assume both the shape and the volume of their container. The structures of gases, and their behavior, are simpler than the structures and behavior of the two condensed phases, the solids and the liquids