Following the Progress of an Enzyme Controlled Reaction
Plan
----
Enzymes are a widely used source of biological catalyst; they are used
in widely in industry as in the biological aspects. Enzymes are
biological catalyst; this means that they will speed up a reaction
with out becoming used up. The enzymes for this by not actually
interfering with the reaction its self but basically align the two
substrates on the active site of the enzyme.
Amylases are widely spread enzymes that hydrolyse starch to maltose.
They are often found in two forms, a-amylase, which degrades starch
molecules into, fragments 10 glucose residues long and b-amylase,
which breaks down these into maltose, made up of two glucose
molecules. Both work by hydrolysis adding one molecule of water across
glycosidic link.
Hypothesis
----------
My hypothesis is that as the time of the enzyme reaction goes on the
amount of substrate reacted by time goes in a proportional
relationship.
In theory time Vs substrate concentration should have a proportional
relationship as the relative enzymes will all have plenty of the
substrate molecules to align with, therefore creating a constant time
for the reaction. The substrate being used is starch, starch is widely
found inn various substances. It is greatly found in bread, the starch
is a very useful nutrient for human life forms as it is the source for
sugars, which produce energy for the human body.
Starch begins to be broken down as soon as it enters the human body,
first salivary Amylase produced in the mouth and bucal cavity. In this
part of the digestion the starch is broken down to Maltose b...
... middle of paper ...
...e to assume it was o 0 every
time we used the apparatus.
Readings in the experiment were taken to the nearest whole unit, in
this case transmission %. The measurements of the meniscus can vary
from the different groups that carried out the experiment; there fore
a 1ml error may have occurred when transferring the reacting solution
into the iodine solution. This creates little change o the results and
is of no relevance to change the raw data to accompany this error.
Anomalies could be counted as the results show that the initial start
for the enzyme to start working on the substrate took up to 300 secs
and that the end of the experiment had no reason for a sudden decrease
in rate. I feel that this is an unexplainable anomaly, which cannot be
explained given the condition that the experiment was undertaken in.
Living organisms undergo chemical reactions with the help of unique proteins known as enzymes. Enzymes significantly assist in these processes by accelerating the rate of reaction in order to maintain life in the organism. Without enzymes, an organism would not be able to survive as long, because its chemical reactions would be too slow to prolong life. The properties and functions of enzymes during chemical reactions can help analyze the activity of the specific enzyme catalase, which can be found in bovine liver and yeast. Our hypothesis regarding enzyme activity is that the aspects of biology and environmental factors contribute to the different enzyme activities between bovine liver and yeast.
Investigation of How the Concentration of Catalase Enzyme Affects the Rate of Reaction Aim: To find out how the concentration of Catalase Enzyme will affect the enzyme activity and the rate of reaction towards Hydrogen Peroxide. (H O ) Prediction: I predict that with the higher concentration of enzyme, the likelihood of it breaking down molecules will be greater because there will be more enzymes to work at the substrate and the chances of it colliding will be higher making the activity time quicker. Equipment: · Syringe · Measuring Cylinder (×2) · Knife · Blender · Beakers (×2) · Balance · Hydrochloric Acid in a beaker · Stop clock · Potato · Water in a beaker Preliminary Experiment: In this experiment we will be using an enzyme called Catalase. By using different amounts of this enzyme we will be diluting it with water to test how the concentration of Catalase affects the rate of reaction with Hydrogen Peroxide.
Sub-Sub-point: Promoters like to say it’s a nutrient, when scientifically it has never been classified as a nutrient because it is a very powerful toxin.
In biology class, we were learning about enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that help catalyze chemical reactions in our bodies. In the lab, we were testing the relationship between the enzyme catalase and the rate of a chemical reaction. We predicted that if there was a higher percentage of enzyme concentration, then the rate of chemical reaction would increase or it would take less time. We placed 1 ml of hydrogen peroxide into four depressions. Underneath the first depression, we place 1 ml of 100% catalase and make 50% dilution with 0.5 ml of water. We take 50% of that solution and dilute with 0.5 ml of water and we repeat it two more times. there were four depressions filled with catalase: 100%, 50%, 25% , 12.5 % with the last three diluted
Food contains variety of nutrients, which is essential to our bodies. Nutrition is necessary to support the activities of day-to-day living. Nutrients in the food help maintaining normal growth and development, tissue maintenance and repair, cellular metabolism, and organ function (Potter, 2012, p.996). There are two groups of nutrients: macronutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals. However, nutrition should include water too because water helps protecting and repairing cells from environmental damage. Each nutrient has its own functions to restore our body. Proteins rebuild damaged tissue and promote growth. Carbohydrates and fats provide energy to the body, while vitamins and minerals function throughout the body in support of body’s processes. Water is essential for cellular homeostasis and life: it removes waste products including toxins out of vital organs. It moves nutrients to the cells, regulates body temperature, and providing a moist for brain, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, spinal cord, and
Is an important extract that contain the glucose were the body is in needed to form energy.
In this lab, it was determined how the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is affected by physical factors such as enzyme concentration, temperature, and substrate concentration affect. The question of what factors influence enzyme activity can be answered by the results of peroxidase activity and its relation to temperature and whether or not hydroxylamine causes a reaction change with enzyme activity. An enzyme is a protein produced by a living organism that serves as a biological catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction and does so by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. With that energy reactants are brought together so that products can be formed.
The science of human nutritional requirements i.e. Nutrition is a dynamic science and all is not known, discoveries are being made almost on a daily basis and apart from this the difficulty on determining the singular nutrient effect the human body is virtually impossible.
Investigating a Factor that Affects Enzyme Activity Planning -------- Aim --- To investigate a factor which will affect the activity of catalase, whilst keeping all variables constant. Possible Independent Variables ------------------------------ Here are a number of possible independent variables that could be changed in the experiment: Independent variable Continuous/Discontinuous Easy to measure?
It churns out rich red blood that carries nutrients and oxygen to remote outposts, and it sends nerve signals skipping along thousands of miles of brain and body pathways. It also formulates chemical messengers that shuttle from one organ to another, issuing the instructions that help sustain your life.” (2017). In short, these nutrients keep us alive by providing one’s body with what they need to function. Without some of these nutrients one can develop serious diseases such as scurvy, osteoporosis, iron deficiency, and rickets to name a few. While scurvy is eradicated in developed countries, third world countries who do not have easy access to Vitamin C may still experience this disease. Such a simple fix for a horrible and deadly disease, therefore nutrients are very important for one’s body to function on a daily basis, some of the damage done by deficiencies and toxicities may be
Humans depend on plants in numerous ways. One reason we depend on plants is for consumption. Plants have the unique ability to produce their own food through a process called photosynthesis. In this process, plants are able to produce macromolecules such as carbohydrates that cannot be produced in animals or humans. In humans, the only way to gain these macromolecules is to consume plant matter, or consume plant-eating animals (herbivores).
The human body requires small amounts of nutrients in microgram or milligram quantities in our diet because it cannot synthesize the necessary amounts on its own. These nutrients are considered micronutrients. Micronutrients are a combination of water, vitamins, and minerals. Vitamins are organic compounds that do not provide energy, but are essential to the body in helping “aid in metabolism, as well as the growth, development and maintenance of body tissues” (Byrd-Bredbenner, Moe and Beshgetoor 402). Vitamins are broken down into two groups, water-soluble and fat-soluble. The water-soluble vitamins are the B-vitamins, and vitamin C. The fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K. Minerals are needed in even smaller amounts, however these inorganic substances are necessary for “cell metabolism, nerve impulse transmission and growth and development” (Byrd-Bredbenner, Moe and Beshgetoor 485). Minerals can be categorized into major or trace minerals. The major minerals include Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, and Sulfur. Trace minerals are Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Iodine, Selenium, Chromium, Fluoride, Molybdenum and Ultratrace minerals.
Enzymes are necessary for life to exist the way it does. Enzymes help our bodies carry out chemical reactions at the correct speed. Catalase is one such enzyme, “Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals). It catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen”.\(Wikipedia). In other words catalase speeds up the breaking down of hydrogen peroxide, which is a byproduct of reactions in our body. Hydrogen peroxide is very common in our body but, “If it were allowed to build up it would kill us”(Matthey).This shows how necessary enzymes such as catalase to life. Without enzymes reactions that take place in our body could be affected greatly. In our
“If we could give every individual the right amount of nourishment and exercise not too little not too much, we would have food the safest way of health” (Barasi.E.M, 2003). This essay is going to discuss on the important of six essential nutrients in human body. According to PosnerB.M (1998), he define essential nutrients as a nutrients that the body cannot synthesize on its own-or not to an adequate amount and must be provided by the died. Oxford dictionary (2009), also define essential nutrients as are those nutrients that are required by the body and cannot be synthesise in the adequate amount to meet requirement, so must be provided by the diet. Essential nutrients are those found to be essential to human life and optimal function, Williams.M. H (2006).There are six main type of nutrients used to maintain body health. They are carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals and water. They must be in balance for the body to function properly.