The Effects of Education on Postpartum Depression Outcomes: A Literature Review Postpartum Depression (PPD) is a period of depression that follows childbirth and lasts more than two weeks. It is experienced by up to 15% of women in the first three postpartum months (Camp, 2013). PPD is well represented in all ages, races, and cultures. The causes of PPD are currently unknown. There are many factors that place patients at a higher risk of developing PPD. These factors include history of PPD, depression during pregnancy, family strains, anxiety, and lack of support. The biggest issue effecting PPD outcomes is that patients are often unaware of signs and symptoms of PPD so they do not seek timely medical care (Camp, 2013). Common signs and symptoms of PPD are similar to depressive disorders. Patients may experience a few of the symptoms from exhaustion of childbirth and having a newborn. Bringing a new life into the world can bring out both good feelings and ones of uncertainty and fear (Camp, 2013). It becomes concerning when the symptoms last longer than 2 weeks and change in frequency, duration or intensity. Early identification is key in the treatment of PPD. Many families may feel ashamed or embarrassed by their feelings and want to conceal them. This is dangerous because PPD can involve thoughts of harm or neglect to the baby. These thoughts can be prevented with early detection from warning signs. Mothers that experience PPD are often at a higher risk for suicide due to negative thoughts and feelings that are untreated. PPD has been treated with cognitive therapies, anti-depressants, and psychotherapy, but a large aspect of aid when bringing home a newborn while experiencing PPD is support. Education before the birth of th... ... middle of paper ... ...roups at three months postpartum. The control group received usual postpartum care. The experimental group was asked about the usefulness of the information provided at the conclusion of the study. 91% said that the information was very helpful to them and their families, as well as useful in identifying support people (Heh & Yu, 2002). The researchers hypothesis was supported in that the EPDS scores of the experimental group would be lower than those of the control group at three months postpartum. EPDS scores were analyzed using t-tests to compare the changes at 3 months post partum. In the experimental group out of only 14 out of 35 scored over a 10 on the EPDS, compared to the control group where 24 out of 35 scored over a 10 (p< 0.001). Therefore, it can be concluded that informational support significantly reduces the mean score of the EPDS (Heh & Yu, 2002).
Today postpartum psychosis is known to be a serious psychiatric crisis that affects one to two women per thousand in the first few weeks following childbirth. Women tend to experience visual, aural, and olfactory delusions and hallucinations that enables a risk of self-harm,
Knowing the symptoms of postpartum depression is critical for a young mother's discovering that she may have the depress...
Pregnancies are often correlated with the assumption that it will bring happiness to the household and ignite feelings of love between the couple. What remains invisible is how the new responsibilities of caring and communicating with the baby affects the mother; and thus, many women experience a temporary clinical depression after giving birth which is called postpartum depression (commonly known as postnatal depression) (Aktaş & Terzioğlu, 2013).
Sutherland (2013) indicates ongoing support of the staff until the change is considered complete and they are comfortable with the implementation. According to Sutherland (2013), “Once completed and fully operational, an evaluation and summary of problems encountered, successes realized, and challenges encountered throughout the project should be done, for future reference” (para.15). The refreeze stage will take time and various data will be accumulated to evaluate whether the change was effective in screening for PPD. The data will consist on the success of mothers using the screening tool within the year, how many mothers were followed up by healthcare providers, and the number of postpartum mothers that had PPD. The refreeze stage is intended to assess if the PPD protocol implemented has positive results in the prevention and early treatment of PPD. With implementing the change theory model, having a plan for all three stages is crucial for the change to be sustained. The APN will be able to use the change theory model in building a foundation to screen for PPD in the outpatient
Schaffer, M.A. & Lia-Hoagberg, B. (1997). Effects of social support on prenatal care and health
Sit, D., Rothschild, A. J., & Wisner, K. L. (2006). A review of postpartum psychosis. J Womens
Postpartum depression is indeed a major psychological disorder that can affect the relationship between mother and baby. At this time, the cause of postpartum depression is unidentified, although several factors experienced during pregnancy can contribute to this disorder. Fluctuating hormone levels have been traditionally blamed for the onset of postpartum depression. Jennifer Marie Camp (2013), a registered nurse with a personal history of postpartum depression, states in the Intentional Journal of Childbirth Education that “current research demonstrates that PPD may be a compilation of numerous stressors encountered by the family, including biochemical, genetic, psychosocial factors and everyday life stress” (Camp, 2013, p. 1). A previous history of depression, depression during pregnancy, financial difficulties, a dif...
Markham, J. A., & Koenig, J. I. (2011). Prenatal stress: Role in psychotic and depressive diseases. Psychopharmacology, 214(1), 89-106.
A studied founded that Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder, which is developed from childbirth experiences, is 1.7% to 5.6% of all Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder cases. In a study of 130 parents with infants in the Neonata...
How the provision of information in the antenatal period can positively affect health and life style choices in the pregnant woman and her family.
After giving birth, women will have hormonal oscillations (Rosequist). In the meanwhile, their bodies are getting back to their normal state, however if that “blues” does not go away, it can evolve in a deep depression. As she recalls, saying: “And yet I cannot be with him, it make me so nervous”(Gilman), it is obvious that Post-Partum depression is the cause of her poor attachment with the child; the mother can be hazardous to the baby; mood swing occur, and in extremes circumstances, about 1 in 1,000, it can bring psychotic indications (Hilts). If this condition if left untreated, it can cause serious psychological and physical damages. Treatment would include anti-depressants and therapy. This can also trigger other types of mental
The method used to study the hypothesis was by having 328 women completed five surveys up to 72 hours postpartum. They were between the ages of 18-42. Out of the group 68.6% were married or living with a partner and 43.3% had a job. The average number of years the women spent in school was 8.8yrs. More than half (59.2%), did not complete high school and only 2% (6) completed higher education. From the group, 19.2% of them had a miscarriage before. More than half (51.5%) had already had a baby before, and 22.1% had a high risk pregnancy. These surveys included the peritraumatic dissociative experience questionnaire (PDEQ), the socio-demographic and obstetrical questionnaire, the pain numeric rating scale, the Trauma History Questionnaire, and the SCID-I for traumatic events. The female participants were recruited from two maternity facilities which were located in Recife, Brazil. Participation for this experiment was voluntary and the participants were informed that if they did not wish to take part in the experiment their future care would not be affected. Out of the women asked to participated 30 refused and 328 took part in the examination. The requirements for women to participate were: 18yrs or older, up to 72 hours postpartum, and the baby was alive at the time of the interview. Women who were under treatment for a psychiatric disorder were excluded. Between July 2010 and November 2010, data was collected.
Roca, Catherine. "Depression During and After Pregnancy." April 2005. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Online. http://www.4woman.gov/faq/postpartum.htm. (17 Nov. 2005)
Depression is defined as being in a state of sadness or unhappiness. Doctors do not know the exact causes of depression, but they believe it’s chemical changes in the brain. All ages, races, and ethnic groups can experience depression. Most people who do experience it need treatment to get better. Many famous women have also battled with depression. Actress Ashley Judd, model Paulina Porizkova, Actress Catherine Zeta-Jones, singer and actress Gwyneth Paltrow, and singer and actress Demi Lovato. Demi Lovato had an eating disorder at the age of eight and started cutting at the age of eleven. She was bullied for being ‘fat’ so she used to overeat to cope, which turned into a lifelong struggle with food. In 2010 she had an altercation with one of her background dancers and decided to leave the Jonas Brothers Tour. After that, she decided to check into a mental facility. Today, she still battles with depression, her eating disorder, and alcohol abuse but is learning to get better. Depression is not overrated and should be taken seriously as a mental illness.
The silent killer that takes lives without warning, punishment, or any sympathy; depression is truly one of the most prominent mental illnesses in the world. Depression is defined as a mental illness inducing a severe and staunch feeling of sadness. The term depressed is coined in English as a temporary sadness that everyone experiences in their life. Despite that depression is more active in women, it is still one of the most common mental illnesses in the world. It affects anybody, regardless of sex, race, ethnicity, or socioeconomic standing. Regardless of all these facts, surprisingly little is known about depression, however, scientists have been able to hypothesize major causes, effects, and treatments for the disability affecting over