As these economic reforms led to China's accelerating economic growth, they also led to increasing political and economic decentralization where local regional governments made economic decisions, used tax revenue for local projects and received less financial support from the central government(Goldman & Mcfarquhar 2000, p.8). As explained by social scientist Gordan White, he characterized the social changes in post-Mao economic reforms as 'fragmented and fragmenting' (Goldman & Mcfarquhar 2000, p.17) The introduction of market forces as well as political and economic devolution of power to the local governments had produced serious social unrest to the Chinese's society. For example, the economic decentralization of the central government to the local government contributed to the alliances between the local officials and local enterprises. Although it improved the standard of living, this kind of alliance gave rise to corruption and enrich the local officials with power, giving them ultimate control ( Goldman & Mcfarquhar 2000, p.17). Due to economic interest of local authorities, they ignore the central government warning against corruption, labour exploitation and taxes overcharges. For example, due to the dual-price policy in products, it provides opportunities for people who have access to state-controlled goods and materials to make huge profits by buying them at an officially-fixed low price and reselling them at free market at a higher price (Minami 1994 , p.21). This shows that local government do not obey government rules and corruption in government is evident and inevitable. The central government failed to realise that although economic and political decentralization did improve market economy, it would on the ot... ... middle of paper ... ...h. This can be supported by a study in the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences where the average per capita GNP was 4754 yuan whereas the per capita GNP of Shanghai, Beijing and Tianjin was 18943 yuan (Mok 2000 , p.29). Thus, this supports the publication made by the World Bank where only the coastal area have a better living standard. Furthermore, in addition to income inequality and regional disparities, economic growth also contributed to the disparity of educational development in different regions. Due to economic decentralization in education, poorer communities lacked the funding in ensuring a quality education. Furthermore, even in Guangzhou which is one of the richest provinces in China, faces education disparity because secondary school in GuangZhou are classified from key-point schools in the city all the way down to low achievers school (Mok 2000 , p.31).
Following the Chinese Revolution of 1949, China’s economy was in ruin. The new leader, Mao Zedong, was responsible for pulling the economy out of the economic depression. The problems he faced included the low gross domestic product, high inflation, high unemployment, and high prices on goods. In order to solve these issues, Mao sought to follow a more Marxist model, similar to that of the Soviet Union. This was to use government intervention to develop industry in China. In Jan Wong’s Red China Blues, discusses Maoism and how Mao’s policies changed China’s economy for the worse. While some of Mao’s early domestic policies had some positive effects on China’s economy, many of his later policies caused China’s economy to regress.
Programs such as collectivization and land reformation were essentially a microcosm of Mao's impact on China. Under the policy of collectivization, the government promoted cooperative farming and redistributed the land on the principle that the product of labor could be better distributed if the la...
The market revolution caused the decline in small-scale production for local use into a rise in large-scale production in manufacturing. The market revolution is the expansion of the marketplace that occurred in early nineteenth century, the construction of new roads and canals that interconnected for the first time. The Erie Canal provided a successful source of transportation, states got involved and spent money into the transportation networks that stimulated economic growth. With the rise of the economic growth there comes problems. Although changes brought by the market revolution helped strengthen the United States economy, there were many effects from the market revolution that caused boom-bust cycles, class division, struggle in upward
"Growing Income Inequality and the Education Gap." Economist's View. N.p., 8 May 2006. Web. 12 Dec. 2013.
Recently, studies have shown that income inequality has many connections that have caused the gap in the United States. According to the research I found, income inequality is connected to corruption, trade, wages of workers, and education. The world income inequality had declined since the twentieth century according to the studies found (Clark). Corruption falls increasing on low income individuals more than higher income individuals. Additionally, the trade theory suggests that the free trade might have level up the income inequality higher within countries by the different patterns of wages and demand for workers who are skilled and unskilled (Silva and Leichenko). Moreover, the education of wealthier people has it easier because the learning efforts of education are unbalanced. Besides, income inequality in the United States is hurting our economy due to the all the issues of corruption, trade, wages, and education. Suggested by Robert H. Frank article called “Income Inequality: Too Big to Ignore,” the income inequality is bad for our economy (Frank).
The spread of Communism and its ideals significantly increased during the final stages of the Chinese Civil War which intensified after the Second World War and resulted in a victory to the Communists in October 1949. At this time, the majority of the provinces in China were led by either the GMD or the CCP. However, the civilians in the GMD-ruled cities were suffering rapid inflation, strikes, violence and riots which led to a collapse of public order. Adding to this instability, corruption was rife within the Nationalist party’s lead...
Yang, Juhua, and Chengrong Duan. "School Enrollment of Stay Children, Migrant Children and Other Children with A Rural Registration: An Analysis of China's 2000 Census." American Sociological Association, 2008: 1-23.
China has been epic in transformation through a combined pragmatic kind of thinking and increased adaptation of institutions. It has been successful in its social and economic systems reform. This started from a relatively small planned economy to being the world’s second largest national economy. The financial success through the revolution regimes, which included Mao and Deng Xiaoping’s eras gradually, steered the nation to a center of international politics and global governance. Even though these leaders had promised to create a rich and prosperous society, the country encountered unprecedented governance complications and challenges. Mao’s era has a lot of similarities such as; Marxism was celebrated and perceived as the way of life in
In 1949 the Chinese Communist Party (CPP) beat the Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War becoming the reigning regime in China. The new communist leadership drastically changed China’s future. Today the CCP remains in power in China, shaping every aspect of Chinese society. Academics like Chalmers Johnson argue that the CCP’s ability to mobilize Chinese peasants ultimately led to the CCP’s victory. This paper will supplement Johnson’s argument by examining how KMT economic, military, and ideological missteps led to the CCP’s victory.
And as China transforms its economy into a ‘socialist market economy’ it is held that the attendant social, economic, and political transformations necessitate that its state controlled IRs system is decentralized and more so, it should be converge with international best practice IR standards (Zhu, Warner, & Feng, 2011). Although the Chinese government has endeavored to reform its labor market, the “deep-rooted national culture and its long history of centralized state power” as exhibited by the tenets of the all-powerful All-China Federation of Trade Unions1925 (ACFTU), has meant that any initiated IRs reform should be “with Chinese Characteristics” (p.128). It is important to note in the 1980/90s most countries in the Western hemisphere and Asia restructured their IRs systems. This episode can be attributed to factors specific to these countries; but owing to the fact that most of Asia’s economies are linked to the global economy, it is posited that this process may not have been coincidental but it was occasioned by competitive pressures in the global labor market (Kuruvilla & Erickson,
There are four main types of economic systems; traditional, market, command, and mixed. Each of these systems is unique to itself but is also similar in some aspects to the others. Some of the ways in which these systems are different but yet the same are through their property rights, competition, and profits. Each system benefits differently through each of these factors. They all strive for the same purpose though, to survive. To bring their people happiness. To thrive and expand.
When the new Chinese Government was set up in 1949, the new government faced a lot of problems. First on their agenda was how to re-build the country. As Communist Party of China (CPC) is a socialist party, their policies at the time were similar to that of the Soviet Union’s. Consequently, the CPC used a centrally planned strategy as its economic strategy when it first began. For a long time, the Chinese economy was a centrally planned economy in which none other than the state owned all companies. In fact, there were absolutely no entrepreneurs. As time went on, the problems of a centrally planned economy started to appear, such as low productivity, which was the key reason for restricting the development of China. With the population growing, the limitations of the centrally planned economy were clear. In 1978 China started its economic reform whose goal was to generate sufficient surplus value to finance the modernization of the Chinese economy. In the beginning, in the late 1970s and early 19...
Lastly, inequality is a big problem because the article focuses on educational inequality in rural and urban Sindh. Authors Saeed and Ambreen both introduce the estimate of educational Inequality for the major districts of Sindh. In the article the estimates show the high extent of educational inequality; though the inequality declined during 2004-05 and 2010-11 however the Gini index remains above 50 percent in 2010-2011. Also in the article we can see that there is a negative relationship between the average year of schooling and Education Gini
The very first important development for a successful country is to have a respectable education system for those who need it from the first day they are born into the world. We have to instill what we want in our people to reflect how we want our development to appear. In China, their school system has more of a strict structure, for example, at Harbin Number One High School. Students begin school at 7:00 a.m., and remain until 8:20 p.m. The seniors, preparing for their final examinations, stay later, even until 10:00 at night.
Today in the present world, most countries have the core object of governance in the “public good provisioning ” leitmotif. According to the main principles ; accountability, participation and transparency, from the governance ecology interaction between the State, Civil Society and Market –place, within the global-village environment, (Higgot and Ougaard 2002; Stiglitz 2003; Woods 2006) “Governance Deteriorate the Economical Progress of the Developing Countries”(Box 15.4 Kaufmann, Kray, and Mastruzzi, 2008 p 291 Governance Matter Vll: some leading findings). In my opinion governance on itself without parametric recognition is doomed to fail, instead of reflecting to new mechanisms of responsibility to steer and guide the social and economical issues, which I will try to clarify in the upcoming body breakdown. Governance is supported as structure through institutions, as process through instruments and as agenda through elements of good governance, generating the capacity to improve significant development and positive impact of economic growth and to cut back destitution. Despite of the fact that developing countries can come in line with the quality of governance by accepting it as a crucial determinant of developmental performance, it didn’t came into effect. The underlying fact of weak and poor governance was identified as a result, for not effectuating the measureme...