COX-1 vs COX-2 Inhibitors Cyclooxygenase (COX) is the enzyme responsible for converting arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and their product. Prostaglandins are the group of chemical mediators which are made at the site of tissue damage or in the infected site causing inflammation and pain. Cyclooxygenase has two different enzymes (McCuiston et. al, 2018). COX-1: Cox-1 is responsible to protect the lining of the stomach and to regulate blood platelets. It also decreases fever and regulates blood platelets promoting blood clotting. NSAIDS and aspirin can be used for inhibition of Cox-1 for the desirable effect of decreasing platelets aggregation, but it can also decrease the protection of stomach lining. As a result, it can cause bleeding and
The immunologic events that are happening at the local level during Carlton's acute inflammatory response would be:
Medical treatments such as chemotherapy used in cancer treatment, oral contraceptives, beta-adrenergic blockers used for controlling blood pressure and retinoids used for the treatment of acne and other skin diseases.
Multiple studies have demonstrated the prophylactic effect of rectal declophenate (5-9) and rectal indomethacin (10, 11) or combined diclophenate and indomethacin (12), but no studies have evaluated the prophylactic effect of oral NSAIDs. On the other hand, Almeida et al demonstrated data on the ...
27-Ussia GP, Scarabelli M, Mulè M, et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy versus aspirin alone in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation.Am J Cardiol 2011;108:1772–6.
Cytosolic β-Glucosidase (hCBG) is a xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme that hydrolyses certain flavonoid glucosides. This type of enzymes play a role in the metabolic detoxification, with a series of enzymatic reactions that neutralize and solubilize toxins, and then transport them to secretory organs. Flavonoid glusocides is a family of molecules in which a sugar is bound to another functional group by a glycosidic bond, and play numerous roles in living organisms, mainly in plants.
Whenever pain or a headache is felt people will immediately reach for the bottle of Aspirin they have in their medicine cabinet. For many years this has been the solution to any pain a person feels. As much as Aspirin will help to cure symptoms of pain it may also being doing the body harm. More and more studies have brought many harmful side effects to the surface. The question now comes into play of if Aspirin is actually doing more harm than good.
Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) are the currently the leading cause of death globally for both men and women accounting for 21.9 per cent of total deaths and is projected to increase to 26.3 per cent by 2030 . Statins are the treatment of choice for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and in the management of hypercholesterolaemia because of their proven efficacy and safety profile. Evidences are showing their effectiveness in reduction of cholesterol synthesis and number of pleiotropic effects, which may be cholesterol dependent and cholesterol independent. The present review focus on the origin, properties and effects of statins on endothelial function ( non lipid action of statins) through the increase of endogenous production of NO in different pathways.
Some people alternate the use of other OTC such as Aspirin, which also has other dangerous effects , but hopefully will reduce acetaminophen toxicity.
The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response to cellular injury and bacterial invasion. Inflammation is the primary defense in early gingivitis. Biofilm can initiate an inflammatory response if it is left undisturbed for as little as seventy two hours. Redness and swelling are two of the cardinal signs of inflammation and can be observed clinically in gingivitis. Histamine is released by mast cells and responsible for the redness and swelling of tissues. Histamine causes both an increase in vascularity and permeability of blood vessels at the site of injury. Swelling may occur in response to the accumulation of fluid at a specific site. The inflammatory response includes cellular components of the immune system polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes are crucial to the cellular immune response. Polyporphonuclear leukocytes are the first cells that arrive at an inflammatory site. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes arrive at the site via chemotaxis, and begin to phagocytize bacteria. As the disease continues and the inflammatory reaction is not strong enough to subside the bacterial infection the immune response is further
Cytoskeletal inhibitors are small chemical molecules that affect the normal functioning of the cytoskeletal elements such as microtubules and F-actin by interacting with them directly. Some cytoskeletal inhibitors such as Paclitaxel (taxol; a natural product with antitumor and antileukemic activities extracted from the bark of the western yew Taxus brevifolia) (Wani et al., 1971) can stabilize microtubules and stimulate its polymerization, while others such as Nocodazole (a synthetic benzimidazole compound) (Vasquez et al., 1997) can depolymerize already formed microtubules by directly binding to tubulin proteins. Studies using taxol let to the discovery of the microtubule-based motor protein kinesin, and the inhibitor has been further used to visualize gliding motility by kinesin and dynein on microtubules (Vale et al., 1985). Nocodazole has
... you should take baby aspirin (81 mg). The earlier a patient takes preventative measures the less a patient has to worry about taking other medication such Warfarin which have many adverse side effects such as excessive bleeding. Patients need to continuously check legs for any signs and symptoms of DVT.
Inflammation which is part of the innate immune system is a process by which the body reacts to injury protecting it from infection and foreign substances with the help of the body’s white blood cells “Inflammation can be defined as the body’s local vascular and cellular response to injury caused by factors that invade and injure the body from the outside (exogenous factors) or factors within the body that result in cellular or tissue injury (endogenous) factors” (Battle, 2009, P 238). Factors such as bacteria, viruses, burns, frostbite, chemical irritants, immune reactions and physical injury are examples of factors that can cause inflammation through different mechanisms. It is a protective mechanism with rapid response that neutralizes or destroys agents that causes injury and creates a barrier that limit the injury and prevents its spread to normal tissues (Battle, 2009). Also, it has elements that removes debris and heals the wound generated by the injury. It can be divided into acute and chronic inflammation.
ACE Inhibitor medications such as Lotensin are angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. This can be used in conjunction with loop diuretics. This classification of drugs works by inhibiting the production of angiotensin II. This inhibition results in vasodilating therefore reducing arterial pressure, venous pressure, preload, and afterload on the heart. Ace inhibitors also decrease aldosterone formation which reduces sodium absorption and water retention. Reduced aldosterone puts Johnas at risk for hyperkalemia, a side effect of ACE inhibitors This can be used to treat his high blood pressure and tachycardia by reducing the need for compensation. This will allow his heart to also reach the oxygen demands and by reducing the preload this will
...ional in controlling visceral responses like heartbeat, intestinal contractions and dilation of blood vessels. This can be helpful in treating people with high blood pressure.
Over the centuries, ancients made use of several treatment methods. Two of them are modern medicine and traditional medicine. Alternative medicine is older than modern one. That effective therapy has used for many centuries on the patience when modern medicine has not occurred in the world. Because it has improved in China, it can be called Traditional Chinese Medicine. In contrast, modern medicine has been in used since 1900’s. In this system, drugs’ testes are done in safety laboratories with care and nicety, and their side effects are located before they are given to the patient. However, sometimes the side effects are not blocked so, people have to take another pill to get better. It makes people to take more chemicals into their bodies. Further, modern medicine has splendid efficacy on the fatal diseases. Even, alternative medicine which people’s ancestors utilized stayed in the background when modern medicine has just found, it works at the present time efficaciously. ****** Therefore, using alternative medicine is more helpful to get better than modern medicine because there are fewer drugs, side effects; there is placebo effect and holistic therapy.