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Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is a process that often takes place in a person or animal without the subject noticing. Classical conditioning is when an originally impartial stimulus begins to elicit some kind of response. This occurs when the originally neutral stimulus is paired with a different stimulus that produces a response (Weiton 216). After pairing the two stimuli together multiple times, the subject unknowingly connects them together. Therefore, one stimulus creates the same reaction as another. This type of conditioning is a natural response, and therefore, involuntary (McEntarffer 136).
A stimulus is some portion of the environment that evokes a sensory response from an organism. A response is that organism’s reaction to a stimulus (Candland 57).
Ivan Pavlov discovered this type of conditioning. For that reason, classical conditioning is often called Pavlovian Conditioning (Weiton 216). Later on in this paper, I will talk about Pavlov’s Classical conditioning experiment in more depth, but for now all I will say is that through studying the digestion of dogs Pavlov discovered this type of learning.
Many terms related to classical conditioning are important to define before beginning the rest of the paper on experiments. First off, there are two different kinds of stimuli. The unconditioned stimulus (US) is the
Their goal was to see if the rats might be associating the plastic-tasting water with the sickness experienced from radiation. Garcia and Koelling broke the rats into three groups; high, medium, or low doses of radiation after the rats drank sweetened water. The more radiation, the sicker the rats became. The rats that received the highest doses of radiation strongly associated the sweetened water with the illness following the radiation and refused to drink sweetened water later
The two main forms of conditioning, are classical conditioning (learning by association), and operant condition (learning from consequences).Classical conditioning, is the learning process in which one is conditioned (learns) to respond to a neutral stimulus as if it were a meaningful stimulus. In operant conditioning, learning occurs through associations made between a behavior and the consequence that follows.
Ivan Pavlov, a russian behaviorist, is known for his classic conditioning experiments. Classical Conditioning is a type of learning where we associate two stimuli. It is noted that his curiosity aspired when he noticed salivation ran on the tangent of putting food in a dogs mouth. He began noticing that the dog not only salivated to the food in its mouth but with the environment associated with food such as location, sight of the person feeding him, the food dish, even the sound of footsteps. Pavlov considered these “psychic secretions” an annoyance of his study until he realized it all apart of the form of learning.
Pavlov found that “a stimulus which was neutral to itself had been superimposed upon the action of the inborn alimentary reflex. We observed that, after several repetitions of the combined stimulation, the sounds of the metronome had had acquired the property of stimulation salivary secretion.” This means that the sound of the metronome was now a conditioned stimulus for the response of salivation which was found to also be a conditioned stimulus. Pavlov wanted to try different neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus to see if the same results would occur. This time to expose the dogs to a vanilla scent and subsequently put a lemon in their mouth causing their mouth to salivate. The process was repeated multiple times, twenty be exact. After the twenty presentations of the vanilla scent and the lemon pair, when they would present the vanilla smell it would cause the learned habit, saliva to start forming. The next test was a visual one. In this test the subjects were presented to a rotating object and then food, which of course caused the dog to
He discovered classical conditioning after seeing how the dogs were stimulated to respond to their food and anything related to food such as the noise of the door or person coming towards them (King, 2016). He eventually conditioned the dogs to respond to a bell as it did when it was exposed to the food (King, 2016). Pavlov accomplished this by introducing a neutral stimulus, the bell, which is a stimulus that doesn’t result in a response like conditioned or unconditioned stimuli (King, 2016). Initially, in this experiment salivation was an innate response to food, but after the introduction of the bell, it became a conditioned response because the dog learned that every time the bell rang, its food came along with it (King, 2016). Consequently, making the bell a conditioned stimulus which is a stimulus that resulted in a response after many times that the neutral stimulus was presented with the food (King,
Classical conditioning refers to a type of learning in which a previously neutral stimuli took on the ability to stimulate a conditioned response in an individual (Gormezano & Moore, 1966). To prove that environment was more impactful than genetics, Watson conducted an experiment on an infant, little Albert. Initially, Albert showed little fear towards rats. When Watson repeatedly exposed Albert to the rat accompanied by a loud noise, the latter began to develop fear towards not just the rat but also other furry animals. Watson successfully showed that the acquisition of a phobia can be explained by classical conditioning (Watson & Watson, 1921). Regardless of their genes, the associations of the right stimuli can result in the development of a new behaviour in any individual.
Classical Conditioning was a phenomenon that a man named Ivan Pavlov explored in the twentieth-century. His work laid the foundation for many other psychologists such as John Watson. Pavlov’s idea came when he seized on an incidental observation. He noticed putting food in a dogs mouth caused salvation. However, the dog not only salivated to the food it began to also salivate to mere sight of the food, or the food dish. He began experimenting; first he slid the food presented the food by sliding the food bowl and blowing meat powder into the dogs mouth at the same exact moment. They paired it with a neutral stimuli event the dog could see but did not associate it with food (Myers, 2014, p.256). Food in the mouth automatically, unconditionally triggers the salivary reflex. Pavlov called drooling the unconditioned response and the food the unconditioned stimulus. Salvation in response to a tone is learned, it is conditioned upon the dogs associating the tone with the food it is called conditioned response (Myers, 2014, p.256). The stimulus that used to be neutral is the conditioned stimulus. I found it interesting and relating to everyday life because my dog often does the same. We keep his food in the garage so opening the garage door would be the conditioned stimulus. As soon as the garage door opens my dog begins to salivate which is the conditioned response. Whereas,
Therefore, a human or animal will forget about the old stimulus and become attached to the new stimulus. The terms: Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Neutral Stimulus, Conditioned Stimulus, and Conditioned Response are key when explaining the process of Classical Conditioning. A Unconditioned Stimulus is when a stimulus will lead to a natural response without any training needed. A Unconditioned Response is a natural and automatic response brought up by the Unconditioned Stimulus. A Neutral Stimulus is when something elicits no response at first. For example, a specific object will have no meaning before the experiment but once the experiment is undergo, the object will take on a different role than before. A Conditioned Stimulus is a stimulus that at first had no meaning, but when associated with the Unconditioned Stimulus it will eventually generate a Conditioned Response. A Conditioned Response will cause a natural and automatic response towards the Neutral Stimulus because the person was trained to react that
Ivan Pavlov developed a theory called classical conditioning which proposes that learning process occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex like associating the food with the bell in Pavlov experiment. In classical conditioning, behavior is learnt by association where a stimulus that was originally neutral can become a trigger for substance use or cravings due to repeated associations between those stimuli and substance use (Pavlov, 1927).
Made famous by Pavlov, classical conditioning pairs a neutral simulis with one that produces a response to get a conditioned response (Ormrod, 2012, pp. 34-35). Pavlov experiments with dogs is one of the perfect example of classical conditioning, the other perfect example is Watson demonstration with little Albert and the white furry rat. In both demonstrations the neutral stimuli became a conditioned response. It important to note that in classical conditioning the learner is passive, absorbind and automatically racting to a stimuli (Papalia & Feldman, 2010, p.
Classical conditioning is something that happens on a daily basis, it is a part of life. It can occur anywhere. Classical conditioning is a form of learning that occurs when two stimuli are presented, and then become associated with one another. In classical conditioning, two stimuli are linked in order to achieve a new behavior or response. There are three phases in the conditioning process; first, before starting the conditioning, there is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that initiates an unconditioned response (UCR). This stimulus creates a response that happens naturally. The second phase during the conditioning process, is that an additional stimulus is presented, this is known as the conditioned stimulus (CS).
When ever the bell rings in any school in any nationyou are guaranteed to see students and teachers file into the hallway. This automatic response comes from somethingthat has been around for a long time called classical conditioning. Classicalconditioning was discovered and researched by Ivan Pavlov, a Russianphysiologist. His famous experimentwith his dog is known to nearly everyone who has had a middle school or highereducation. He fed his dog in a pattern,every time he fed his dog he rang a bell. Eventually the dog associated the bell with food and would begin tosalivate just on hearing the bell. Thatis the original experiment proving classical conditioning.
I. Introduction of classical conditioning Classical conditioning also called as Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning. It is a kind of learning a new behavior through association that when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) and evokes a conditioned response (CR). It also is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus (Cherry, 2014). Classical conditioning has much strength such as can help to explain all aspects of human behavior and many of advertisers will use classical conditioning to advertise their produces, however it also have some weaknesses such as all classical conditioning responses must involve a reflex and classical conditioning is a completely physical process, learning is not important as reflected in scenario. This paper will talk about the strengths and the weaknesses of classical conditioning theory followed by a brief description of the scenario and the strengths and weaknesses of applying classical conditioning on it.
It consists of two types; classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning relies on a particular stimulus or signal, i.e. a family member walking into the kitchen because of the smell enticing them closer. Operant conditioning refers to the system of rewards and/or punishments in order to bring change in ones attitude. Dog trainers usually follow this type of conditioning when they treat the dog after he/she obeys an order.
Classical conditioning is a technique of learning that occurs when an unconditional stimulus is paired with a conditional stimulus. The unconditional stimulus is biologically potent, the conditional stimulus is neutral (Kalat, 2011). Example of each is taste of food and sound of tuning fork respectively. After repeated pairing, the organism exhibits a conditional response to the conditional stimulus. The conditional response is similar to the unconditioned response though it is relatively impermanent and is acquired through experience (Kalat, 2011).
This essay will first explore what classical conditioning is by using Ivan Pavlov’s famous experiment with dogs to explain how it works. It will then go on to describe how classical conditioning led to more research by Edward L. Thorndike and B.F. Skinner in the study of instrumental behaviour (Gleitman et al. 2011). It will also mention briefly what similarities can be found between operant and classical conditioning before explaining in detail what operant conditioning is (Skinner’s experiment with the operant