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Academic essays on classical conditioning
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Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is something that happens on a daily basis, it is a part of life. It can occur anywhere. Classical conditioning is a form of learning that occurs when two stimuli are presented, and then become associated with one another. In classical conditioning, two stimuli are linked in order to achieve a new behavior or response. There are three phases in the conditioning process; first, before starting the conditioning, there is an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that initiates an unconditioned response (UCR). This stimulus creates a response that happens naturally. The second phase during the conditioning process, is that an additional stimulus is presented, this is known as the conditioned stimulus (CS). …show more content…
During this time he conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell. Pavlov discovered that dogs salivation started before eating food. With this discovery Pavlov introduced a bell noise along with the unconditioned stimulus, or meat powder. He repeated this until the dogs learned the association between the bell noise and the meat powder. This would produce a conditioned response (salivation) after the conditioned stimulus (the bell) without the pairing of meat powder. This work laid the groundwork for behaviorism which became the dominant method in psychology during the late 19th century through the early 20th …show more content…
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Field, A. P. (2006). Is conditioning a useful framework for understanding the development and treatment of phobias? Clinical Psychology Review, 27(7), 857-875. doi:10.1016/j.cpr. 2005.05.010
Tomie, A., Grimes, K. L., & Pohorecky, L. A. (2008). Behavioral characteristics and neurobiological substrates shared by Pavlovian sign-tracking and drug abuse. Brain Research Reviews, 58(1), 121-135. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.12.003
Watson, J. B. (1994). Psychology as the behaviourist views it. The Centennial Issue of the Psychological Review, Vol 101((2)), 248-253. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.101.2.248
Watson,J.B. & Rayner,R,. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 55(3), 313-317.
The two main forms of conditioning, are classical conditioning (learning by association), and operant condition (learning from consequences).Classical conditioning, is the learning process in which one is conditioned (learns) to respond to a neutral stimulus as if it were a meaningful stimulus. In operant conditioning, learning occurs through associations made between a behavior and the consequence that follows.
Ivan Pavlov was a Russian scientist who was interested in studying how digestion works in animals. Pavlov found classical conditioning, part of his work was studying what causes dogs to salivate. However, he noticed that what caused the dogs to salivate was deeper than he anticipated. He then ran a study where he ran a bell every time he fed the dogs. Pavlov explained that the conditioned stimulus was the bell and that by itself it will not produce a response, while the food is the unconditioned stimulus which will produce an unconditioned response, in this case, would be the salvation. If the conditioned stimulus the bell and the unconditioned stimulus the food is paired the dog will associate the bell and the food together and respond by salivating to the conditioned stimulus alone, this response is the conditioned response.
He discovered classical conditioning after seeing how the dogs were stimulated to respond to their food and anything related to food such as the noise of the door or person coming towards them (King, 2016). He eventually conditioned the dogs to respond to a bell as it did when it was exposed to the food (King, 2016). Pavlov accomplished this by introducing a neutral stimulus, the bell, which is a stimulus that doesn’t result in a response like conditioned or unconditioned stimuli (King, 2016). Initially, in this experiment salivation was an innate response to food, but after the introduction of the bell, it became a conditioned response because the dog learned that every time the bell rang, its food came along with it (King, 2016). Consequently, making the bell a conditioned stimulus which is a stimulus that resulted in a response after many times that the neutral stimulus was presented with the food (King,
Classical Conditioning was a phenomenon that a man named Ivan Pavlov explored in the twentieth-century. His work laid the foundation for many other psychologists such as John Watson. Pavlov’s idea came when he seized on an incidental observation. He noticed putting food in a dogs mouth caused salvation. However, the dog not only salivated to the food it began to also salivate to mere sight of the food, or the food dish. He began experimenting; first he slid the food presented the food by sliding the food bowl and blowing meat powder into the dogs mouth at the same exact moment. They paired it with a neutral stimuli event the dog could see but did not associate it with food (Myers, 2014, p.256). Food in the mouth automatically, unconditionally triggers the salivary reflex. Pavlov called drooling the unconditioned response and the food the unconditioned stimulus. Salvation in response to a tone is learned, it is conditioned upon the dogs associating the tone with the food it is called conditioned response (Myers, 2014, p.256). The stimulus that used to be neutral is the conditioned stimulus. I found it interesting and relating to everyday life because my dog often does the same. We keep his food in the garage so opening the garage door would be the conditioned stimulus. As soon as the garage door opens my dog begins to salivate which is the conditioned response. Whereas,
Ivan Pavlov developed a theory called classical conditioning which proposes that learning process occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex like associating the food with the bell in Pavlov experiment. In classical conditioning, behavior is learnt by association where a stimulus that was originally neutral can become a trigger for substance use or cravings due to repeated associations between those stimuli and substance use (Pavlov, 1927).
John B. Watson came up with classical conditioning. This is when two different stimuli are paired together to create a desired response. Watson used the sound of a bell to classically condition dogs when a bell was rung. The sound of the bell is the neutral stimulus, the dogs salivating is the unconditioned response, and the food is the unconditioned stimulus. Once the dog associates the bell with the desired behavior the bell becomes the conditioned stimulus because the dog has
Made famous by Pavlov, classical conditioning pairs a neutral simulis with one that produces a response to get a conditioned response (Ormrod, 2012, pp. 34-35). Pavlov experiments with dogs is one of the perfect example of classical conditioning, the other perfect example is Watson demonstration with little Albert and the white furry rat. In both demonstrations the neutral stimuli became a conditioned response. It important to note that in classical conditioning the learner is passive, absorbind and automatically racting to a stimuli (Papalia & Feldman, 2010, p.
Pavlov’s theory is known has classical conditioning ‘He is remembered for the salivating dogs which illustrates very usefully the central behaviourist idea that behaviour can be predicted, measured and controlled, and that learning a matter of stimulus and response (Wallace 2007:97).’
Born in Russia, Ivan Pavlov discovered conditioning reflex when he research how dogs salivate in the sight of foods. He made his discovery when after noticing the lining of the stomach released digestive juices when it response to direct stimulation from food particles. Pavlov arrived at this conclusion because his primary idea was to surgically implant an esophageal fistula in dog's throat and a gastric fistula in their stomach (Olson & Hergenhahn, Chapter 7, 2013).
Classical conditioning also called as Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning. It is a kind of learning a new behavior through association that when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) and evokes a conditioned response (CR). It also is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus (Cherry, 2014). Classical conditioning has much strength such as can help to explain all aspects of human behavior and many of advertisers will use classical conditioning to advertise their produces, however it also have some weaknesses such as all classical conditioning responses must involve a reflex and classical conditioning is a completely physical process, learning is not important as reflected in scenario. This paper will talk about the strengths and the weaknesses of classical conditioning theory followed by a brief description of the scenario and the strengths and weaknesses of applying classical conditioning on it.
What is Watson’s Classical Conditioning? Classical Conditioning was found by Dr. Ivan Pavlov. Watson’s research was influenced by Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Theory. Watson made a research on children’s emotions using the Classical Conditioning model. According to Watson, love, fear, and anger are the three kinds of emotions inherited by humans (Hall 1988). He believed these emotions could be learned through conditioning. He formed his hypothesis and carried out an experiment. John B. Watson’s classical condition experiment was on a child named Little Albert. This experiment was while a child was playing with a rabbit, smashing two bars to make a loud noise behind the child’s head. After hearing the loud noise the child became terrified of the rabbit (Hall 1988).
Classical conditioning is a technique of learning that occurs when an unconditional stimulus is paired with a conditional stimulus. The unconditional stimulus is biologically potent, the conditional stimulus is neutral (Kalat, 2011). Example of each is taste of food and sound of tuning fork respectively. After repeated pairing, the organism exhibits a conditional response to the conditional stimulus. The conditional response is similar to the unconditioned response though it is relatively impermanent and is acquired through experience (Kalat, 2011).
This theory holds to the thought that we learn by associating certain events with certain consequences, and will behave in the way with the most desirable consequences. Further, this theory assumes that if or when events happen together, they are associated and either event will produce the same response. Another key thing about this theory is it does not denote any differences between human and animal behavior. Key concepts of behavioral psychology include conditioning, reinforcement, and punishment. The basis of behavioral psychology suggests that all behaviors are learned through associations as demonstrated by physiologist Ivan Pavlov, who proved that dogs could be conditioned to salivate when hearing a bell. This process became known as classical conditioning and has become a fundamental part of behavioral
Classical Conditioning- It is a learning process when a conditioned stimulus goes together with an unconditioned stimulus multiple times until the conditioned stimulus is strong enough to evoke a response on its own. Let’s say a male takes this certain intersection every day to work, but now this one time he gets in an accident at this intersection. Now every time he goes through this accident he feels uncomfortable and anxious. He may start sweating profusely and gets really nervous. This is an example of how classical conditioning works in everyday life and you may not recognize it. This type of learning can affect people’s social lives. Like from the example when this guy gets in an accident he conditions himself to fear the intersection. He copes with this fear by getting all nervous and frustrated. This term can deal with how people cope under certain situations and effect there whole lifestyle. If a kid was beaten by his parents when he did not get
Classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov, which is when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (McLeod, 2007). Pavlov began