City-State Assignment

The Indus Vallys challenges were, Was an enormis flat and fertile plain formed by two rivers, the Indus River flows southwest from the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea, farming is possible only in the areas that are directly watered by the Indus, The Indus and the Ganges and the lands they water make up a large area that stretchs 1000,700 miles arcross northen India and it is called Indo-Gangetic Plain. Like the Tigris, The Euphrates, and the Nile, these rivers carry not only water forirrigation, but also silt, which produces rich land for agriculture. Seasonal winds called monsoons dominate India's climate.
From October to February, winter monsoons from the northeast blow dry air westward across the country.
Then, from the middle of June through October, the winds shift.
These monsoons blow eastward from the southwest, carrying moisture from the ocean in great rain clouds.
The powerful storms bring so much moisture the flooding often happens.
When the summer monsoons fail to develop drought often cause crop disasters.
The people face so many Environmental Challenges The civilization thee emerged along the Indus River faced many of the same challenges as the ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations.
So yearly floods spred deposits of rich soil over a wide area. However, the floods along the Indus were unperdictable The rivers sometimes changed course.
The cycle of wet and dry seasons brought by the monsoon winds was unpredictable. If there was too little rain, plants withered in the fields and people went hungry. If there was too much rain, floods swept away whole villages.
In most ancient cities, people retrieved water from a river or a central well. They dumped wastes into open drainage ditches or carted them out of town. ...

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...d prepare their wheat and barley fields. All fall and winter they watered their crops from anetwork of irrigation ditches.
Egyptian farmers were much more fortunate than the villagers of Mesopotamia. Compared to the unpredictable Tigris andEuphrates rivers, the Nile was as regular as clockwork. Even so, life in Egypt hadits risks.
When the Nile? flood waters were just a few feet lower than normal, the amount of fresh silt and water for crops was greatly reduced. Thousands of people starved.
When flood waters were a few feet higher than usual, the unwanted water destroyed houses, granaries, and the precious seeds that farmers needed for planting.The vast and forbidding deserts on either side of the Nile acted as natural barriers between Egypt and other lands. They forced Egyptians to live on a very small portion of the land and reduced interaction with other peoples.