For 9 years, I've woken up as a dragon under attack, a persistent burning sensation had instilled in the pit of my stomach, causing pain to spread and radiate throughout my body. The fire burning in my veins, creeping to my throat, begging for release had become an everyday normality for me. This paper will evaluate what cholelithiasis is, the different types of gallstones, what race and gender are most affected, symptoms, modalities used to diagnose cholelithiasis, and the treatments used for cholelithiasis. Cholelithiasis is the medical term for gallstones, which are located within the gallbladder (Figure 1). It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. According to Lack (2003), there are two major types of gallstones: cholesterol and non-cholesterol pigmented stones. Gallstones are primarily composed of cholesterol, bilirubin, calcium salts, and other substances such as protein, bile acids, fatty acids, and inorganic salts. Classification of gallstones is based on chemical composition. Cholesterol stones are predominantly composed of more than 60% to 70% cholesterol with smaller amounts of calcium bilirubinate. Pure cholesterol stones are rare and can exists containing less than 10% of biliary calculi and over 90% cholesterol. Non-cholesterol stones or mixed cholesterol stones have a lower quantity of cholesterol and are mixed with pigmented substances such as calcium bilirubinate. Pigment stones can either be black or brown; black stones contain calcium bilirubinate and calcium carbonate, and about 50% are radiopaque. Brown pigment stones are generally associated with bacterial infection, particularly enterococci and Escherichia coli (p.415) (Figure 1). Gallstones are more common in women than men. ... ... middle of paper ... ...ia Blog RSS. Retrieved March 12, 2014, from http://radiopaedia.org/articles/cholelithiasis Gallstones. (2011, August 11). The New York Times. Retrieved March 19, 2014, from http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/gallstones/overview.html Gore, J. M. (2013). Cholelithiasis. Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants, 26(12), 54-55. Retrieved March 12, 2014, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.JAA.0000438244.25450.34 Lack, E. E. (2003). Cholecystitis, Cholelithiasis, and Unusual Infections of the Gallbladder. Pathology of the pancreas, gallbladder, extrahepatic biliary tract, and ampullary region (pp. 414-418). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Owen, D. A., & Kelly, J. K. (2001). Gallstones, Cholecystitis, and Reactive Changes in the Gallbladder Mucosa. Pathology of the gallbladder, biliary tract, and pancreas (pp. 232-235). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
Bile contains water, cholesterol, fats, bile salts, proteins, and bilirubin. Bile salts breaks up fats, and bilirubin gives bile and stool a yellowish color. If the liquid bile contains too much cholesterol, bile salts, or bilirubin, under certain conditions it can harden into stones. They may occur as a simple, large stone or many small ones. Gallstones are mixtures of compound, but are mostly cholesterol.
Strasberg SM (2008). "Acute Calculous Cholecystitis". New England Journal of Medicine 358 (26): 2804–2811. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp0800929. PMID 18579815
The first laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) using keyhole approach was done by Professor Mouret of Lyon, France in 1987, when he was completing a gynecologic laparoscopy on a woman also suffering from symptomatic gall stones, he removed it laparoscopically instead of opening up. Dr. Eddie Reddick reported 100 cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in 1989. The classical four port technique of LC as described by Reddick became the most widely adopted technique.
Acute pancreatitis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) appears to be the most frequent major complication, occurring in 1-10% of patients overall, with a mortality rate ranging from 0.2-0.6% and an annual healthcare expenditure cost reaching $150 million in USA alone (1) (2). Several risk factors have been reported to play a role in ERCP-induced pancreatitis; some are patient-related (i.e. sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD), female gender, history of pancreatitis, pancreatic acinar opacification), while others are procedure-related (i.e. precut or needle-knife endoscopic sphincterotomy, repeated pancreatic duct injection, difficult cannulation), and this may be useful in stratifying patients into low-risk or and high-risk categories (3).
One or more gallstones erode into the gastrointestinal tract, creating a cholecystenteric fistula, most commonly between the gallbladder and the duodenum. Gallstones less than 2 to 2.5 cm generally pass into the intestine without causing obstruction while stones 5 cm or larger are more likely to impact usually at the distal ileum, the narrowest part of the small bowel. Other reported sites of impaction include proximal ileum, jejunem, colon, and rarely the duodenum or stomach (bouveret’s syndrome). [11] In our case, a large, approximately 5 cm, gallstone was found impacted at the jejunum while a smaller stone was found impacted at a Meckel’s
Cholesteatoma is a growth of excess skin or a skin cyst (epithelial cyst) that contains desquamated keratin and grows in the middle ear and mastoid (Thio, Ahmed, & Bickerton, 2005). A cholesteatoma can grow and spread, destroying the ossicles, tympanic membrane and other parts of the ear. They appear on the pars flaccida and pars tensa sections of the tympanic membrane. A cholesteatoma can occur when a part of a perforated tympanic membrane is pushed back into the middle ear space, debris and skin cells can build up forming a growth. It can obstruct tympanic membrane movement and movement of the ossicles. As the layers grow, the amount of hearing loss can increase. A cholesteatoma can be congenital (present at birth) or be acquired as a result of another disease. They can also be formed as a result of a surgery, trauma, chronic ear infection, chronic otitis media, or tympanic membrane perforation. It can develop beyond the tympanic membrane and cause intracranial and extracranial complications. Due to this patients can experience permanent hearing loss as a result of an infection of the inner ear as well as other serious health concerns. These include dizziness, facial nerve weakness and infections of the skull (Hall, 2013). Patients may present chronically discharging ear, hearing loss, dizziness, otalgia (ear pain), and perforations (marginal or attic).
(What is....2016). The first documented case of Crohn’s disease suspected was King Alfred in 850 A.D. This disease is named after a Jewish man named Dr. Burrill Bernard Crohn (1884-1983) who became interested in the condition as his father, also a Dr, suffered from a disorder of the bowel. He devoted his career to “regional enteritis” the disease that now bares his name. It is necessary to understand the disease to be able to provide care for people who are afflicted by it (de Campos and Kotze 2013). Especially since Crohn’s is a chronic disease or a lifelong affliction it’s important to understand etiology, it’s symptoms, treatments, and to maintain the disease and the psychological well being of the patient managed (Crohn’s...2015).
In this article, you are informed about a disease that is occurring more often in our society. It is commonly referred to as “heartburn” but is more appropriately named acid reflux disease or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Most people suffer from this disease, but think nothing of it. Perhaps they have felt it after a big meal, lying down after eating, during pregnancy, or even when bending over. Most people feel that GERD occurs after eating spicy foods, when in fact the major cause of GERD is fatty foods and the quantity of foods eaten.
The data presented in this table supports the conclusion of Purdy et al. (2005) that the inclusion of cholesterol to the CHO cell membranes will result in significant changes to the membrane, confirming the established function of cholesterol as a regulator of membrane fluidity.
Wolf, David. "Cirrhosis." Medscape reference. WebMd LLC, Sep 22 2011. Web. 4 Nov 2011. .
After seeing the recent post by Aimee Rouski on facebook. I became curious about Crohn 's Disease. I had little to no knowledge of the disease, and had heard little about it. In this article I will share my research into Symptoms of Chrons, Chrons Diet, and Medicine for Crohns.
The year is 1788 as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart began to work on his last three symphonies during a time of strife for musicians as the Austro-Turkish War continues to war on in Austria. Tired from moving his family from central Vienna to the suburbs of Alsergrund all while in debt to his ears as he continued to borrow money from friends including a fellow mason, Michael Puchberg, Mozart finished his final symphony on August 10, 1788. This piece, nicknamed the “Jupiter Symphony,” coined by impresario Johann Peter Saloman, was Mozart’s longest symphony with a total of four movements, a typical symphonic form during the Classical era. The Jupiter Symphony totals to about forty five minutes of music ending with a quintuple fugato that brings back the five melodies introduced in the final movement making the closer one of the most complex examples of counterpoint that has ever been created. My goal shall be to give the reader a sense of Mozarts life at the time of this composition, a detailed analysis of all four of these movements, as well as a look at why this piece was seen as a work of innovation.
High cholesterol is the best known of all the many threats to a healthy heart. When excess amounts fatty like plaque substance build up along the walls of the arteries, you face a significantly higher risk of a complete blockage, leading to a heart attack or stroke. At normal levels, cholesterol is not a bad thing. On the other hand, its an essential material used by the body to make cell walls and produce hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen. The body produces its own supply of cholesterol in the liver, it’s also found in various animal products such as meats, eggs, and, milk. Cholesterol only becomes a threat when the body can’t use or get rid of excessive amounts of it.
...hese gallbladders have a different form that can be easily distinguished by those who make the effort to do so; further, the TLC profile of the bile from these substitutes is entirely different from that of the snakes, and the bile from fowl do not produce the sweet aftertaste common to the snake bile.
The pancreas is one of the essential organs in the human body and belongs in the Digestive system. Out of all the internal organs, the pancreas is unique because the pancreas plays a role in both the endocrine gland and the exocrine gland. This means that the pancreas is a dual function gland in which is the reason why the pancreas is such a vital part of the digestive system. This research paper will talk about the anatomy, physiology, and the important functions the pancreas play to maintain homeostasis.