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Banduras social learning theory
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INTRODUCTION
The scientific method is a standardized way of making observations, gathering data, forming theories, testing predictions, and interpreting results. Analysts mention observations in order to describe and measure behavior. After observing certain events over and again, researchers concoct a hypothesis that clarifies these perceptions. A hypothesis is a clarification that arranges isolate snippets of data rationally. Researchers generally develop a hypothesis simply after they have gathered a lot of evidence and ensured their exploration results can be reproduced by others. While the ordinary judgments we make about human conduct are subjective and anecdotal, researchers use the scientific method to study psychology in an objective
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In a famous experiment known as the Bobo doll experiment, Albert Bandura testifies one way that children learn aggression. According to Bandura's social learning theory, learning develops through investigations and communications with other people. Typically, people learn by watching others and then imitating those actions. Bandura wanted to expose a group of children to aggressive behavior through a model. The experiment was done with 72 children, 36 boys and 36 girls. The children were age between 3 and 6 years. All the children were separated to 3 groups as control, aggressive and passive. The control group and the passive group were divided in to male and female. The divided groups are exposed to two male and female models who act against to the Bobo doll. Then each and every child was individually tested with the Bobo doll.” The model laid the Bobo on its side, sat on it, and punched it repeatedly in the nose. The model then raised the Bobo doll, picked up the baton, and pound the doll in the head. Following the baton aggression, the model tossed the doll up in the air aggressively, and kicked it about the room. This sequence of physically aggressive acts was repeated three times, interspersed with verbally aggressive responses.” (Bandura, A., Ross, D. & Ross, S.A. Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 1961;63: 575-82.). “According the prediction, …show more content…
The individuals from this examine were small children. In any case, kids are not ready to do giving taught consent. Appropriately, the researcher ought to get the informed consent from their people or gatekeepers who are the managers of the youths. Bandura had quite recently got the consent from the teachers. Consequently, it was a honest to goodness ethical encroachment of the examination. Likewise Bandura had broken the grouping by conveying the examination purposes of intrigue without getting the consent of the impending part or their guardians. Besides, the members couldn't be hurt physically, rationally and inwardly. Furthermore, if there is even a slight hazard, they should be educated and must get the educated assent from them. In Bobo doll test, the kids were straightforwardly presented to the forceful condition where the conduct of the model made them forceful. This is another honest to goodness encroachment of ethics in psychology. This test ought to have directed in a moral way. The guardians of the youngsters must be educated about each and every detail including the motivation behind the exploration, expected term, systems, security; secrecy, accounts; distributions, the privilege to decrease or pull back from the examination and any unsafe or hazardous exercises which could be hurtful for members in physically, rationally or candidly and must get educated assent from them before take them
Upon analyzing his experiment, Stanley Milgram, a Yale psychologist, concludes that people will drive to great lengths to obey orders given by a higher authority. The experiment, which included ordinary people delivering “shocks” to an unknown subject, has raised many questions in the psychological world. Diana Baumrind, a psychologist at the University of California and one of Milgram’s colleagues, attacks Milgram’s ethics after he completes his experiment in her review. She deems Milgram as being unethical towards the subjects he uses for testing and claims that his experiment is irrelevant to obedience. In contrast, Ian Parker, a writer for New Yorker and Human Sciences, asserts Milgram’s experiments hold validity in the psychological world. While Baumrind focuses on Milgram’s ethics, Parker concentrates more on the reactions, both immediate and long-term, to his experiments.
This created an atmosphere where the teacher thought he was really inflicting pain on another individual, which was highly stressful for the volunteers. I definitely think that our current generation of 20 and 50 year old males are more inclined to question authority than the group from 1962. Ethics This experiment is relevant to an ethics course because putting individuals in this type of experiment is traumatic and can cause a high level of stress and unnecessary pain for the volunteer. The volunteers were deceived by the study, believing that they were actually harming another person, and there was potential to cause psychological harm, which is unethical (McLeod, 2007).
In order to properly extricate the truth from the fallacies of psuedopsychology the scientific method can be used as a tool. The scientific method is a form of critical thinking based on a careful collection of evidence, accurate description and measurement, precise definition, controlled observation, and repeatable results (Jackson, 2008). This method is composed of 6 bodies: 1. Make Observations; 2. Defining a Problem; 3. Proposing a Hypothesis; 4. Gathering evidence/Test Hypothesis; 5. Interpret/Analyze Data and Draw Conclusions; 6.Publishing Results, many scientist retest their experiment for more accurate results.
The scientific method is how psychologists gain knowledge about the mind and behavior. It is used by all scientists. The experimental method is the one way to engage the scientific method, and the only way to find a cause and effect in relationships. It is summarized in five steps, observing some phenomenon in the world, forming a hypothesis which is an educated prediction about relationships between two or more variables, examining the gathered information by using empirical research, determining what the results are and drawing them, and evaluating the results whether it will support the hypothesis or not. Researchers, at the end, submit their work for publication for all to see and read (King, 2016). There are three types of psychological research in the scientific method, descriptive research, correlation, and experimental research (King, 2016). The article The Effects of Negative Body Talk in an Ethnically Diverse Sample of College Students (Katrevich, Register, & Aruguete, 2014) is an example of the experimental method.
Having satisfied this researchers then make epistemological assumptions surrounding the subject matter. They must decide on the type of evidence to be collected, considering which evidence will deliver optimum validity. They must decide which stance to take during research, objective or neutral, considering which would be possible or even favourable. They must then think about how this can be best achieved. Should the research be classified as 'scientific' or 'unscientific' and what determines this?
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Rector, N. A. (2011). Abnormal psychology. (2 ed., p. 297, 321, 322,
The Bobo Doll experiment was conducted in 1961 by Bandura and his colleagues at Stanford University, to investigate if social behavior is learned through observing adult like aggressive behavior in the child’s environment. Bandura designed the Bobo doll experiment to see whether children would copy adult-like behaviors. In addition, whether children acted aggressively towards objects were either learned or inherited (Bandura, 1961). The theory being tested is social cognitive learning. Social cognitive learning is “how people acquire and maintain certain behavioral patterns, while also providing the basis for intervention strategies” (Bandura, 1997). Basically, it is evaluating the person’s behavioral action/ reaction depending in the environment,
To explain this concept, social cognitive and social learning theories are needed. According to these theories, people learn not only from their own actions, but also from the environment. For example, the child tends to follow and show analogous behavior with their parents. Likewise, media can provide information when we organize our perceptions of reality. Albert Bandura, who is a pioneer of the theory, he published Bobo dolls study in 1963 to determine if watching aggressive action on film caused the children to imitate the behavior displayed by the film characters in real-life situations (Albert, Dorothea, and Shella A. 1963). He made the child watch how the adult treat the Bobo doll. The adult showed aggressive behavior and used verbally aggressive phrases. They punched, kicked, sit on it, and threw down on the floor. After showing these behaviors, they left the laboratory. The result was that the children, who left in the laboratory alone, showed exactly same aggressive behaviors with the adult. The experiment means that the child observe what other do, save it in memory and imitate the behavior that what they watched. In other words, media can be one of a model that the children follow as if they act like the adult after watching their aggressive
Though a review board determined that the study felt within the existing ethical guidelines, the guidelines were changed so that such a study was never carried out again. The effects of the study makes the experiment one of the wackiest psychology experiments in history. However, this could have been prevented if the scientists stopped the experiment very early in the study. The institutional policy should have also been appropriate to prevent scientists from carrying out such an experiment. The fact that Prof Phil Zimbardo didn’t want to stop the experiment means
The scientific method is the analyzation of evidence, to examine a case from every angle possible, to not give up on an investigation until all of the angles are covered and to not allow personal emotions create a bias in their mind (Osterburg 2010). A scientific method example would be when an investigator arrives to a crime scene, they would first search the area for clues and see if something doesn’t seem right. Next they would have to search for different forms of evidence, most important would be trace evidence because it can provide DNA evidence which can also link a suspect to the crime. There are many more ways evidence and other clues can be harvested from a crime scene but it is up to the investigator to use their knowledge and help find the person responsible for the crime
- Comer, Ronald J. Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology. New York, NY: Worth Publ., 2011. Print.
Bandura discusses the importance of observational learning. Bandura focuses mostly on how kids develop their habits based of their role models. Bandura shows this in the Bobo Doll Experiment. The Bobo Doll experiment consisted of 36 boys and 36 girls. They were then separated again into watching a video of a plastic doll called Bobo. Some children were separated by some adults aggressively beating up Bobo and the other half were calm adults. After they were showed the video, the kids were then shown to Bobo and the results matched the Social Learning Theory to the max. The kids that were show the aggressive videos were aggressive towards Bobo. Another Social Learning Theory can be told in my shoes because I have done something similar. I remember in fifth grade my older cousin would always ride his bike down the biggest hill without a helmet. I figured if he did and was okay, why can’t I? I learned the hard way and sliced my arm on a rock. Luckily I did not need stitches however, I did go to the doctors and got ointment for it. I still have the scar today. I feel like the Social Learning Theory has made an impact on my life because I have had the opportunity of having a role model. This role model has made a positive change to my life. Similar to Bobo, I have seen what negative role models have done for a person and how much it affects
In his famous experiment, an experimental group of preschoolers observes adult models behave aggressively toward a bobo doll. Thereafter, when the experimental group backed by a control group are left alone with the bobo doll, the experimental group shows similar aggression to the doll rather than the control group. As an outcome of his experiment, Bandura and his colleagues demonstrated three factors that influence modeling. First, the characteristics of the model, one will rather model someone who is similar to themselves. Next, the attributes of the observer, one who lacks in self-esteem, competence or is very dependent are more likely to imitate a model.
Psychology practices also use the Scientific Method as a fundamental in collecting research. Scientists who will test a theory, will go through the method of testing their hypothesis and conducting a measurable experiment to record and analyse results that conclude if their hypothesis was correct or not. Pseudoscience, however, doesn’t record the same principles as psychology. Karl Popper, a recognisably important philosopher of science, made a distinction between science and a ‘non-science’, which relates to the term, ‘demarcation.’ Scientists conduct experiments in order to collect reliable results that confirm or disprove their hypothesis, while philosophers, such as Popper, are interested in the validity of the factors leading to the experimenter’s scientific results.
(T.L.Brink (2011) what makes psychology scientific? https://canvas.instructure.com ) Because of this, the scientific method is a crucial part of psychology, as it analyses and investigates human behaviour the study of; past, controlled and natural observations of the present