Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Introduction to metal distribution in Blood plasma
Plasma was considered as the most important part of human blood, which carries out most of the function in relation to transport. Fluids is the major constituent of plasma, with an estimated total protein concentration of about 7.0-7.5 g/dl, as the solid component in plasma, that contain a complex mixture of different proteins which are mainly glycoprotein and lipoproteins. The concentration of plasma protein is largely occupied by Albumin, which is about 3.4-4.7 g/dl as the major protein; this protein will be discourse in further details, (Murray et al 2003). Plasma protein plays a role as biomarkers in diagnosing human diseases, due to their functions as dynamic interface for molecular transport in the body even though, their determination is very difficult because it contain almost 3700 different proteins as found in the literature, (Manley and Gailer, 2009). It was well known from early research, (Himmelhoch, et al, 1966) that plasma protein contain a minute amount of metals, and different technique were used to determine distribution, which will explained in more details. These metals are essential for many function in relation to good health of a living organism, 15 trace element found in plasma were considered of great importance in this aspect which includes but not limited to: Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, Co, I, K, Na, Mg, Mn, Ca, as reported by (Muniz, et al 2013). However, among these trace element Cu and Zn where considered as the most important of all the trace elements in coordinating health activities and were found to bound one metal per protein. The distribution of these metals was found to be high in Plasma Albumin with a concentration of 36.1-53.6 ...
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...l, and taste, hypogonadism, hypospermia, and night blindness. These were reported to as more serious conditions in low dietary Zn intake for example, (Bahl et al, 1998) studies how a low Plasma zinc concentration increases diarrhoea and respiratory morbidity in children. Considering the effect of Zn deficiency on severity of infection in gastrointestinal tract, it was observed that low dietary Zn intake increases diarrhoeal and respiratory morbidity.
It is clearly understood in this small context that Zn has a great roll in many activities relating to biological processes that result in positive improvement of human health. The need for expanded research is therefore paramount as stressed in a report (Hambidge, 2000), with view to identify Zn biomarkers, to expose the complexity in Zn metabolism and to understanding the homeostasis of Zn at molecular levels.
In Blood In Blood Out is a drama directed by Taylor Hackford, and starring Damian Chapa (Miklo), Benjamin Bratt (Paco), and Jesse Borrego (Cruz), produced by Hollywood Pictures. The film was based off everyday life in East Los Angeles, from the 1970’s through the 1980’s. Damian Chapa stars as Miklo in the film, a Mexican-American who wanted to be accepted, not by his skin but for the Mexican within him. Benjamin Bratt (Paco) was the older cousin of Miklo, who learned his lesson throughout the movie and changed his ways. Jesse Borrego (Cruz) is the step-brother of Paco who was a talent artist, who ended up turning to drugs because of back problems caused by a rival gang incident.
Wallace Terry has collected a wide range of stories told by twenty black Vietnam veterans. The stories are varied based on each experience; from the horrific to the heart breaking and to the glorified image of Vietnam depicted by Hollywood. Wallace Terry does not insinuate his opinion into any of the stories so that the audience can feel as if they are having a conversation with the Vietnam Veteran himself. Terry introduces the purpose of the book by stating, “ Among the 20 men who portray their war and postwar experiences in this book. I sought a representative cross section of the black combat force.”(p. XV) Although the stories in this book were not told in any specific order, many themes became prominent throughout the novel such as religion, social, and health.
Have you ever given blood? Have you ever been asked what type of blood you have? There are four different blood types, and it is very important to know which kind you have for medical reasons and for the benefit of others.
Before WWI, the practice of medicine was far from how it has developed into today. The practice was not advanced, and therefore, had few concrete methods. However, with the beginning of the First World War, there was a great push to improve these methods. Although the war caused much illness and death, it also catalyzed many improvements such as blood transfusions, x-rays, vaccines, and sanitation.
There has been a dramatic rise in the rate of caesarean section (CS) in the last two decade making it the most commonly performed procedure worldwide. 1Surveys (2, 3) have indicated that 3-5% of total red cells transfusion is related to obstetrics with higher rate in CS patients compared to those having vaginal delivery (1-7% versus 1%) (4, 5).
The Mayo Clinic defines a blood transfusion as “a routine medical procedure in which donated blood is provided to you through a narrow tube placed within a vein in your arm”. The first human blood transfusion on record was conducted by Dr. Jean-Baptiste Denys, a French physician during the late 1600’s. Although Denys’ transfusions weren’t sound proof and often written off as unorthodox, he unknowingly ushered in a new era of medicine and laid the foundation for modern advances in Hematology. I choose this topic because I volunteer to donate blood four times a year alongside thousands of other people. On average these donations help save 4.5 million Americans that would die in a years’ time without a blood transfusion. These generous people
It is stated in the National Blood Transfusion Service (2013) guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) that donor recruitment must begin from donors who belong in a low risk, safe and healthy population of a community. It is also strongly prohibited to pay any donors. The blood transfusion process is a very thorough and meticulous process to ensure the safety of the donor and the recipient of the blood unit.
Insufficient amounts of copper in the body limits the presence of white blood cells called neutrophils, a condition known as neutropenia. Less neutrophils means the body’s immune defenses are weakened and risk of infection is higher.
Copper deficiency is a rare hematological and neurological disorder. This deficiency can often lead to Anemia, a condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or of hemoglobin in the blood, resulting in pallor and weariness, can be very serious if not treated. Copper is required certain bodily functions to continue and without it, our bodies can shut down. Typically, the medical response to Anemia is to increase iron consumption. Often time, iron supplements are recommended, however it is not always the best answer for some individuals. Sometimes, the body does not need more iron because it could cause more free radical damage, instead it justs needs more copper. In this case, increasing your copper intake will release copper that has been stored up in the body, making it available for the production of red blood cells
Hemophilia is an inherited disease which slows the blood clotting process due to missing or reduced clotting factor proteins. Although uncommon, it is possible for Hemophilia to be acquired if the body produces antibodies that attack clotting factors. Only 30% of Hemophilia cases are due to spontaneous mutations. Hemophilia is a rare disorder. Approximately 1 in 5000 males has Hemophilia. The disorder is much more common in males than females. It is estimated that over 400000 individuals worldwide (.006% of the world’s population) have Hemophilia (National Hemophilia Foundation). Individuals with Hemophilia do not lose blood at a faster rate than others but they do bleed for longer. Small cuts and bruises are not usually life threatening but any serious injury or invasive surgery has the potential to be life threatening because of this disorder. Hemophilia can also cause internal bleeding, which can cause organ or tissue damage. This can be life threatening as well. There are two types of Hemophilia. Hemophilia A is due to the individual producing low levels of clotting factor VIII while Hemophilia B is due to the individual producing low levels of clotting factor IX. Clotting factors are proteins which interact with platelets so that clots can be formed. Clotting factors allow the platelets to clump together to seal cuts and tears in blood vessels to prevent excessive bleeding. Hemophilia can be mild moderate or severe depending on the amount of clotting factor in the blood. Individuals with mild Hemophilia have 6% to 49% of the normal amount of clotting factor. Individuals with moderate hemophilia have 1% to 5%, while those with severe have less than 1% of the normal clotting factor (National Hemophilia Foundation). Indivi...
Marginal zinc deficiency: approximately 2 billion people worldwide suffer dietary zinc deficiency. It is now acknowledged that milder zinc deficiency causes some health problems, particularly in children who are living in developing countries. The experimental studies proved the role of zinc supplementation to treat marginal zinc deficiency that causes general weakness and impaired growth in children.
= Before conducting the experiment I would conduct a simple test for the protein by placing a sample of the albumen into a test tube and add biurett reagent. This contains copper (II) sulphate and sodium hydroxide.
Zinc is effective at boosting the body’s immune system, healing wounds, effective at treating tinnitus, as well as preventing ear infections. In addition, being deficient in zinc is related to age-related hearing loss. Include these zinc-rich foods into your daily diet: beef, dark-eat chicken, pork, cashews, peanuts, almonds, split peas, lentils, oysters, and dark
Pyroluria is a blood disease that results from the defective synthesis of hemoglobin in the blood. The disease results in massive excretion of zinc and a build-up of copper. Hemoglobin is that all-important molecule of the blood made of iron and proteins that transports binds to and transports oxygen and carbon-dioxide to and from every cell in the body. It makes up 96% of a red blood cell’s dry mass, approximately 15g per liter of blood. During the creation of this molecule, a waste product called kryptopyrrole is also synthesized. Usually this molecule is benign and the body excretes it through urine, but when certain genes are activated it binds to zinc, vitamin B6, and Omega 6’s. This prevents these critical components from being used in synthesis, and they are excreted along with the kryptopyrrole.
Blood transfusions have become a common part of medical care with nearly 5 million Americans a year receiving a transfusion. Blood transfusions are used in the treatment of many different conditions, from replacing blood lost in surgeries or injuries to fighting diseases like liver disease, anemia, and bleeding disorders like hemophilia (Nglbi.nih.gov, 2014). Blood collection and transfusion are overseen by many different agencies including the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Through these agencies work in donor screening and surveillance, blood transfusions usually cause no adverse reactions in the recipient and are considered a safe medical procedure. Despite this, blood safety remains an important public health matter both due to the seriousness of some adverse reactions when they do occur and the need for preparedness in reacting to future blood safety issues that can suddenly arise when new bloodborne diseases emerge. It is for these reasons that Healthy People 2020 has made reducing the proportion of averse reactions from the medical use of blood and blood products one of their objectives.