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Pavlov's dog
Animals are used in what percent of psychological studies
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He awakens to the sound of whimpers. He then tilts his head to the sound of shoes clinking on the concert floor, and then the light enters his small cage. He raises his head, tail between his legs, to look at the men peering down at him. He knows that the pain from the electric shocks is waiting for him. He doesn’t know why they want to hurt him, after all he’s just a dog.
Since psychology’s founding, animals has been used as an important way for psychologist to test their hypnosis, and conduct experiments. From Pavlov’s experiments with Dogs and response, to a modern lab studying the brain of sleeping rats, Animals have provided a huge opening in psychological testing. A significant amount of psychological tests would be impossible without the use of animals. Some people claim the psychological research on animals is inhumane citing psychological test involving electric shocks. Others, however, claim that psychological testing on animals, not only provides important research to help improve the lives of both people and animal, but also creates a way to preform test that would be impossible with human subjects.
The American Psychological Association (2013) approves of research on animals as long as the test meets the association’s guidelines. The guideline is very in-depth, but the two especially important points are: that the research has an acceptable scientific purpose, and has a reasonable chance of improving the health or welfare of animals or humans. The guideline advises against tests that harm the animal, however if the researchers can prove that the test is important enough they may be able to conduct their studies.
Is there middle ground for psychological research in animals? Perhaps there is a more Rogerian solution...
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...subjects. A final note is that the majority of studies conducted on animals are conducted for Comparative psychology. Comparative Psychology is the branch of psychology dedicated to nonhuman animals (Hockenbury & Hockenbury, 2014).
So where is the middle ground in animals use in psychological research? In summary of all the information mentioned in this paper we are, in a way already at the middle ground. Since the majority of psychological research is conducted for comparative psychological gain, then it is in the best interest of animals to be used in the research. How can the use of animals in research are considered truly cruel to animals if it is in that species best interest. Along with the strict regulations out in place by the APA and the IACUC, I believe that the Rogerian style middle ground is achieved. I fully support the study of animals in psychology.
Goodall argues that her readers have an ethical obligation to protect animals from suffering, but she also implies that it might be necessary sometimes to abandon that obligation. She points out that animals share similar traits with human beings: they have a capacity for certain human emotions, and they may be capable of legitimate friendship. Goodall’s evidence for this claim is an anecdote from her research. She recounts that one chimpanzee in her study, named David Greybeard, “gently squeezed [her] hand” when she offered him food (62). Appealing to readers’ emotions, Goodall hopes to persuade readers that the chimp is “sociable” and “sentient,” or feeling (62). According to Goodall’s logic, if researchers are careful to avoid tests that cause human suffering, they should also be careful to avoid tests that cause suffering for other life forms.
The Humane Society of the United States promotes research methods that can potentially replace, reduce, or refine animal use so that animals experience less suffering. An opinion poll was taken by the HSUS on September 23, 2001 on pain and distress in research. The findings were that 62% of people would approve of testing if little or no pain was experienced by the animals, while 75% disapprove when severe pain is experienced.
“Animals and Research Part 4: Ethics of using animals in research.” Editorial. Seattle Post-Intelligencer 20 Apr. 2000 <http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/opinion/anml4.shtml>.
All research and experiments must be approved before being able to conduct the tests and before the experiments can be started. The UK has some of the highest standards of laboratory welfare in the world. There is legal requirements that limit the number of animals that can be used for testing. Animal research can only be done in the UK where there is no suitable non- animal alternative. “Animal rese...
Animals used for experiments are often isolated from others which can be detrimental for animals that have complex social interactions. A comparison of primates and humans, shows they both are social creatures that need interaction with others. can be made of primates and humans, both are social creatures that require interactions with others to maintain a healthy mental and consequentially physical state, removing such an interaction would cause the human and primate to not develop appropriate social responses. An argument could be made that having the animals happier would produce more accurate responses since their mind and actions will not be influenced by the neurological changes that arise with depression. At the same time, in many countries there are stricter regulations currently in place on the usage of higher cognitive functioning animals in experiments.
...this research I love animals more than ever that I don’t care if science nor people believed it or not that they have emotions.
The dog displays the tentative awareness of nature’s massive force that causes the man’s death. The power of both nature and human nature show that man is overwhelmingly outmatched when trying to overcome either of
Currently, I am a senior at the University of Nebraska at Omaha pursuing a dual major in Neuroscience and Psychology. I have always been interested in human-animal interactions from multiple perspectives including the psychological, sociological, personal and ethical perspectives. From a psychological perspective, I have studied the importance of animal-assisted therapies in various clinical disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). I have also studied human-animal interaction in the context of violent offenders and the associated cases of animal abuse. Furthermore, I have studied human-animal interactions from a behavioral psychological approach. Great behaviorist researchers such as Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner made great strides in understanding human and animal behavior using classical and operant conditioning. Today, both classical and operant conditioning are commonly used in animal training. Last semester, I was fortunate enough to have the opportunity to use a Skinner Box and condition a lab rat using operant conditioning. It was an interesting experience for me; I was exposed to training and regulations proposed by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), which provided insight into the strict care and interactions mandated in animal research. Throughout my academic career, I have studied much research which utilized animal testing. I have performed dissections and profusions which forced me to personally analyze my own ethics and morals in regards to animal testing. In the Behavioral Neuroscience Lab here at UNO, we conducted a behavioral experiment using lab rats. We then performed profusions, dissections, and prepared slides of the rats’ brains. It was very difficult for me to complete th...
A sudden dark cloud crashes over him rendering him motionless, lost and destitute. The black dog that haunted him for so long was now not running but flying at him, suddenly engulfed completely by despair. Thinking of his wife and children, tears come to his eyes. Wiping the dusty sleeve across his face, cursing himself for crumpling under the darkness. Failure was never supposed to be a part of him and his future.
It is clear animal testing is cruel and inhumane, having to subject to force eat,and drink or people don’t feed them. Most people agree there is mistreatment in the animals for it only risks their lives. That is why scientists should treat the animal in the best way as possible is the best option, because animals can be dead, as a result from the experiment . A personal experience that supports my position is that a elder lady cannot see which is why she has a dog to help her see and she feeds her dog . Furthermore, animals has families but the scientist segregates them from each other . In addition, this shows animals does have feelings just like humans. Another example can be found in a report from USDA in 2010 , 97,123 animals suff...
A timid dog named Missy must find a way to fight her boredom after she escapes from the confines of her dog crate in an empty house. Since deliberate destruction is off the table for a distraction, she goes on a journey. The Rottweiler-mix faces a few of her multitude of fears attempts to rise above them in order to retrieve her favorite toy. Missy the Rottweiler lethargically glanced out of her slate gray dog crate and huffed. Why, she thought to herself, do the humans insist on locking me up each time they leave the house?
To begin with, despite the fact that humans communication has a vital role in the psychological experiments in the medical field, scientists are capable of analyzing the behavior of animals to understand the effect of the drug on the brain, and it is also easier to use animals instead of humans in medical experiments since scientists can easily dissect the body of an animal. For instance, in “Flowers For Algernon” Keyes mentioned “Burt was watching Algernon in one of multiple problem boxes. He sighed and shook his head. ‘ He has forgotten a lot. Most of his complex responses seem to have been wiped out…’.”
...issues with using animals for experimentation during research. However, good application of biological psychology can help to cure schizophrenia.
The experiments and other data show that animals are not just driven by instincts alone. There is more to them than that. It is hard to watch dogs play and believe that they derive no fun or pleasure from it at all. Animals have shown that they are sensitive to their social surroundings. They punish one another and alleviate other’s pain. Some monkeys in established communities attack those that find food and don’t share. These studies are important. A better understanding of how animals are feeling could create a whole new guideline of rules on the way animals should be treated. Humans should not be so arrogant to believe they are the only animals capable of emotion. How are we capable of seeing from their viewpoint and assume they feel no emotion.
Supporters of animal research believe that animal experimentation and research is ethically acceptable as long as the treatment of the animals is humane and well-regulated. Some of the reasons why people support animal research includes the furthering of human well-being, providing the means to cure disease and advance medicine and science, the belief that it is a better alternative to using humans in research, and the belief that its benefits outweigh the costs (Saucier, 2006).