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Essays on old kingdom of egypt
The history of the pyramids
The history of the pyramids
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One of the largest, most recognizable, and famed statues in Egypt is The Great Sphinx of Giza. It is one of the many ancient monuments of Egyptian culture. The statue, carved from limestone, stands 66 feet in height, 63 feet wide, and 238 feet long. The giant statue overlooks the city of Giza, which is only a short drive away from the monument. The massive statue models a ginormous lion body, with a human pharaoh head. The Sphinx was carved out of limestone in the Giza plateau during the reign of King Khafre (2558-2532 BCE.) Khafre reigned during the time of Old Kingdom of Egypt (c. 2613-2181.) Although that is when most think it was built, there is some speculation among some Egyptologists. Some believe it was built by his brother Djedefre …show more content…
In Egyptian translation, the word means “living image,” which the Egyptians referred to the monument as well as other depictions of royal things. The Egyptian sphinx also looks a lot like a Greek sphinx from the story of Oedipus, with the head of a woman and the body of a beast. The name conjured up by the Egyptians during the New Kingdom of Egypt (1570-1069 BCE) was Horemakhet, or Horus of the Horizon. In fact a cult (a religious movement) was established to worship the god Horus (god of the sky) in association with the Sphinx. The patron of this cult is Amenhotep II (1425-1400 BCE.) He built the Sphinx a temple so that the people of the cult could worship Khufu and Khafre, who were representatives of Horus on earth. Amenhotep II’s son also had a large role in the popularity of the Sphinx. There is a story of how Prince Thutmose fell asleep near the Sphinx and had a dream. The dream included the Sphinx speaking to Thutmose about how the sand around him was bothersome, so the Sphinx offered a deal to the prince, restore the Sphinx and then become the next pharaoh of Egypt. Thutmose accepted and now the dream in on a stela in front of the Sphinx, telling the story of Pharaoh Thutmose IV of
The success of the king’s rule became based on the approval or rejection of the god Amun-Re. Thus, Amun was used as a platform for political propaganda, with pharaohs such as Hatshepsut and Thutmose III using the God to legitimise their claims to the throne, as evidenced for Thutmose III on the Temple of Tiraqa: ‘I have achieved this according to that which was ordained for me by my father, Amun-Re’. Concepts of the divine oracles and the divine birth of the king became a theme for pharaohs of the 19th dynasty, and afforded them heightened legitimacy. Hatshepsut’s divine birth scenes on her mortuary temple in Deir el Bahri depicts her claim to be the daughter of Amun, manipulating the public to believe in her divine birth. Additionally, Thutmose IV’s ‘dream stela” erected between the paws of the sphinx, which claimed that he had been granted the kingship because he had freed the monument according to instruction from gods. Some historians have dismissed these building projects, which consolidated the importance and authority of the state cult of Amun-Re as mere political propaganda. However, it is more the point that they reflect a significant change in the Egyptian political landscape, as it became dependent on and connected to the sustained pre-eminence of the cult of Amun-Re and the religious unity that eventuated. Therefore, the amun
The statue of Khafre is an example of how pharaohs utilized their wealth to elaborate the power they possessed while they were alive and to utilize while they were dead. They ordered statues to be made in their name to decorate the valley temple. The valley temple is a funerary setting in which Khafre ordered 23 statues to be made for it. In this case, Khafre’s statue was made and place near the
The work of art from the Egyptian period is a statue representing the god of war, the sun, and rulers, Horus. It was created in the time frame from three hundred sixty to three hundred forty-two B.C. It is titled The Horus Statue of Nectanebo II because the god Horus is seen protecting one of the kings, also known as pharaohs, of Egypt, Nectanebo II. Another similar work of art, a large statue titled the Human-headed winged lion, came from the Assyrian period. It was found in Mesopotamia which is now Nimrud, Iraq. It was created from eight hundred eighty-three to eight hundred fifty-nine B.C. Similarly, it was created for the king Ashurnasirpal II and was placed in the gateway of his palace. A common point between each piece of art is that the artists that created them are unknown.
The first form of art that I will talk about that the ancient Egyptians are known for are sculptures. An example of this is the Sphinx of Hatshepsut. I just want to say a few things about King Hatshepsut since we all know a bit more about her from the lectures. Hatshepsut is known to be a successful female Pharaoh. She declared herself as the king when Thutmose III, the one next in line, was too young to rule. She ruled for about 20 years. Her reign was full of building projects and the most recognized building under her rule was the Deir el-Bahari. Like most Pharaohs, her tomb contained statues of her as well as gods to honour them and help her transcend into the afterlife.
After his ascent to the throne, the kingdom prospered and the young Pharaoh poured his energies and national treasures into building temples and monuments honoring his father, Egypt's gods and himself. In Nubia he constructed six temples, two of which were carved out of a Cliffside at Abu Simbel, with their four colossal statues of the king, are the most magnificent and the best known. Engineers designed the temple so every year on February 22 and October 22 the earliest sunrays shine on the back wall of the innermost chamber and lights up the pharaoh's statue, and fitting, he sits with the three gods of the sun. In all of his monuments he had his name cartouche and texts engraved so deep that no successor would be able to remove it.
The Egyptians created Ramesses’ statue 1279-1212 B.C. using granodiorite. The statue is currently being exhibited at the Museum of Fine Arts Houston. Its dimensions withouts a base are 59 3/4 x 23 1/2 x 30 inches (seems bigger than life-size). One must look at the statue from various sides in order to see its entirety. Ramesses II, known also as Ramesses the Great, ruled Egypt for over sixty years. there are thousands of statues made in his honor to proclaim his power and divinity.
The statue of King Khafre Seated , from the fourth dynasty of the Old Kingdom, 2520 - 2492 BCE, was created by an unknown artist in the smooth permanence of graywacke stone. Although the statue is currently at the Metropolitan Museum of Art as number 56 in the Special Egyptian Exhibition, its true home is at the Egyptian Museum, in Cairo. The man being portrayed, King Khafre, ruled Egypt for approximately thirty years, during which he commissioned the single most recognizable monuments of Egypt, the a fore mentioned Pyramids at Giza and the Sphinx. These monuments of symmetry and solidity characterize the focus of popular architecture and sculpture from the Old Kingdom in Egypt.
He decided to rest in the shade of the Great Sphinx. Back then only the head was visible, the rest was covered in sand. He then fell asleep. He then had a dream in which the Sphinx came alive in the form in one of his gods. The god promised that if he cleared away the sand, he would become ruler of Egypt. When he woke up, the young prince ordered the removal of the sand. It took months while men removed the sand and added more lime blocks to the damaged areas. In 1401 BC, the prince's dream came true. He became ruler of Egypt. In honor of the event, he erected an 15 ton slab between the front paws of the Sphinx. The slab was called the Dream Stela which was 12 feet high, 7 feet wide, and 2 feet thick. It told the story of the Princes dream with
One of the most mysterious structures found in today’s world is the Great Sphinx of Egypt, located on the outskirts of the hustling city of Giza. Many archeologists and explorers spend their entire careers trying to answer many unknowns about the Sphinx such as, “Who built the Sphinx,” and “Why does it exist?” Although these questions do not have clear answers, there are many theories that try to crack the mysteries of the Great Sphinx.
Joseph J. Ellis is a renowned Historical author and before his retirement, was a History professor at Mt. Holyoke University with a focus on the Revolutionary Era. Subsequently, his original publication of American Sphinx in 1996 won the National Book Award in Nonfiction the following year and in turn, made the text a worthy read based on the enigma that is Thomas Jefferson. As Ellis notes in the book, amidst the chorus of criticism and contradictions in the Jeffersonian character, no scholarly work can claim to understand the man’s real traits. To that end, Ellis informs his readers that his “chief quarry” in American Sphinx revolves around Jefferson 's character and the principles that propelled the man’s public and private life to the proportions
Hawass,Zahi. The secrets of the Sphinx: restoration past and present. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 1998.
Like the Lamassu, this statue is very large in size. Its proportions, however, are much more realistic and provide a different viewing experience as it is three-dimensional all the way around. It does, however, reveal sunken relief inscriptions around the base of the statue of what appear to be hieroglyphics. Again like the Lamassu, Tuthankhamun wears a headdress as well as a beard. He also wears a collar, kilt, and holds a dagger with representational meaning within the waistband of his kilt. The dagger he wears has the head of a falcon, symbolic for the god Horus, protector of kings. Tuthankhamun’s headdress and double crown point to his royal status and the beard shows his wisdom and ability to lead and rule. The statue’s massive size magnifies King Tuthankhamun’s power and status as a king in ancient Egypt even after death as he is thought to have been one of the most popular kings of ancient Egypt. The statue is seventeen feet tall and the largest statue of ancient Egypt. King Tutankhamun, unlike the Lamassu, was a king and did not stand alone in his sculpture. HIs power is represented in his rulership and size instead of in the symbolism of an object or animal. There are small feet that can be seen behind him on the base of his sculpture which are said to be that of his wife. The statue does not seem to be threatening, although powerful, it merely points to a great ruler of high status to be remembered always and forever worshipped rather than evoke fear of the Egyptian
The Egypt pyramids were constructed for the pharaoh, as a tomb. Their belief was that the top point of the pyramid was the gate for the soul to travel to the afterlife and return to earth if chosen. These tombs were built which line up with planets and certain stars.
Although the precise age of the pyramids has long been debated, and there is little evidence to prove when the pyramids were built, some assume that they were built from about 2700 to 2500 BC. Another issue that has been long debated is who exactly built the pyramids. Some researchers find it hard to believe that the pyramids could have been built in one pharaoh’s lifetime. Herodotus is the earliest known historian of the Egyptian Pyramid Age. By his accounts, and estimated guess, more than 100,000 people worked on the pyramid; other researchers believe that it was more like 20,000 people who worked on the pyramid. Now they have to try and figure out where these 20,000 people lived. They would like to know where they lived because the researchers think that it will help them find out more about these people, where they are from, and their daily lives. Inscriptions were found on the outside of the pyramids that give an idea of what people worked on them, but the inscriptions were in no absolute detail. Skeletons that were found on the inside of the pyramid are believed to be the skeletons of workers who labored on the pyramids all year long.