According to Terre Blanche, Durrheim and Painter (2006), reliability is “the degree to which results are repeatable”. It can apply to the scores achieved by the study or the study as a whole. A more reliable study will yield similar results no matter how many times the test is repeated. In order to calculate the reliability for this study Split-half reliability, Cronbach’s alpha and Spearman Brown prophecy will be used.
Cronbach’s alpha was first developed by Lee Cronbach in order to measure the internal consistency of a test or measurement. The internal consistency of a test is the degree of which all the test items measure the same concept. Alpha is measured from -1 to 1 with 1 being the optimal internal consistency (Tavakol & Dennick, 2011) but having a value above 0.7 is accepted and said to be of very little threat from random and chance errors. (Terre Blanche et al., 2006). The higher the alpha scores the more internal consistency the test items have and therefore the more reliable the test is. The Cronbach’s alpha for this test was 0.833. This value is quite high and higher than the given 0.7 value therefore it is safe to say these items were all measuring the same construct and therefore is reliable.
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It randomly splits the test items in to two equal halves. The reliability is then measured for the two halves and compared. If the test is reliable, participants who scored low on one half should score low on the other half too. The value for this test was 0.708 which is just higher than 0.7, meaning it is acceptable.
Because the split halves method only measures reliability for one of the halves, it therefore underestimates the whole test’s reliability (Terre Blanche et al., 2006). The Spearman Brown prophecy formula is then used to correct this (Terre Blanche et al., 2006). The value for this test is 0.829 which is higher than 0.7 and therefore means the test is
The sample used to norm the test was inclusive, and studies have showed little to no discrepancies in scores in regards to demographics (gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status). I found limited data regarding the exactly reliability coefficients and the validity of the test. However, I did discover this test to be used when determining concurrent validity of other tests of anxiety. There are no limits to this test in regards to a population or administration, as it is written at an elementary reading level and provides multiple administration types (verbal, audio CD, reading) and response types (verbal or nonverbal). The only area of limitation that I believe exists with this test is its vulnerability to self-report biases, affecting the accuracy of the scores produced for children. I feel very comfortable using this measure in my profession, and believe it can provide a strong base for assessing a child’s anxiety levels and their impacts socially or
leaders to confront challenges successfully with the support of those whom they lead. In the book, a key quality that is seen in two of the leaders on the island is
The first story I would pitch would be the monument opening today at 10 a.m. at the National Infantry Museum. This is black history month and the Buffalo Soldiers were the first all-black infantry. The monument will be unveiled today. Alpha Phi Alpha’s local chapter Delta Iota Lambda is honoring the heroic group of soldiers. Most of the units served between 1866 and 1951. The event is free and open to the public, which will allow them to witness history. Some of the units were stationed at Fort Benning, which is another local aspect. These soldiers did the impossible, so I can speak to the Master of Ceremonies, as well as local historians, military members, and decedents of those brave men who will be at the unveiling. The visuals could start with the American flag as an open. If the
It informs the person which is doing the assessment, relevant issues in the person’s past, evaluating the present risk and informing of future risk. Each is then coded on a three point scale (absent, possibly present or definitely present). The problem with this tool is that is only works for about 67% of the time, this could be down to the fact that the information obtained from the person may be false, it also only focuses on the risk of violence. Another Assessment tool which could have been used is GRiST:Galatean Risk Screening tools, like the other tools is assesses the same areas but it focuses on all areas of risk. It is based on the expertise of the Multidisciplinary health practitioners, that identify detailed information about all areas of risk.
Validity refers to ability of an instrument to measure the test scores appropriately, meaningfully, and usefully (Polit& Beck, 2010). The instrument has been developed to serve three major functions: (1) to represent a specific universe of content, (2) to represent measurement of specific psychological attributes, (3) to represent the establishing of a relationship with a particular criterion. There are three types of validity; each type represents a response to one of three functions
If a study is confounded, the researcher is not absolutely certain that changes in the dependent variable were caused by the manipulation of the independent variable, or some other uncontrolled variable. In a non-equivalent control group post-test only design, any differences observed between the two classes may be due to the non-equivalence of the groups and not to the injection of quizzes. No pre-test measures were given to establish equivalence.
To make sure it is a fair test; the procedure is repeated a couple of
Interpreting The MMPI-2-RF included a vast amount of information about the reliability data in the MMPI-2-RF. For example, the scores on the Somatic/Cognitive Scales, Internalizing Specific Problems Scales, Externalizing Specific Problems Scales, and Interpersonal Scales amongst others were reliable based on test-retest correlations and internal consistency estimates in clinical studies. The empirical data offered by the Technical Manual shows strong and distinctive correlational findings, and consistent measures of the constructs the scales target. These findings provide strong evidence supporting the construct validity and reliability of the 51 Scales found in the MMPI-2...
My scores were very surprising to me, I scored very high on the Conscientiousness and Emotional Stability and my lowest score was in the Openness to Experience, which I thought was very accurate as I do find myself to be conventional. According to the “Big Five model” it is a measure of one’s reliability; also having a high score such as I did it says that I am responsible, organized and dependable (Robbins & Judge, p. 108).
Overall, the test had an adequate reliability coefficients. It is important to note that the items with the higher alpha scores had more questions, whereas, the items with the lowest alphas scores had fewer questions. Fewer questions my make it more difficult to get higher homogeneity scores (Drummond et al., 2016). So at first consideration, I would say this is a strong test with reliable scales. When assessing validity, I would be inclined to also consider it a strong test. The correlations conveyed a wide array of strength. Yet some of the expected overlap represents adequate validity (Psychnet, 2016). Overall, this could be a good test to use if targeting population similar to the tested population. It was tested on highly academic groups, which may not be representational of the population at large, but may be useful in colligate settings (Psychnet, 2016).
When we are introduced to statistics we either face it or deal with it head-on despite our fear with this subject and we start thinking about the time it would take us to complete a paper or statistics design bases on the extended reading we would have to do in order to understand the subject for clarification of what to expect, and take away from that subject. Therefore, this discussion will define confidence intervals, stipulate when we would need to use confidence intervals in statistical analysis, and examine why the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association recommends the inclusion of confidence intervals in study results.
Likewise, in order to validate construct validity, Malhotra et al. (2012) recommends that in conducting research, researchers should use multi versus single-item scales to validate data from experiments, depending upon the complexity of the experiment. Malhotra et al. (2012) also recommends using a step-by-step approach ...
With the conscientiousness category I was rated with a 58 percentile, stating I was neither organized nor disorganized. This is supposed to state weather you are able to show self-disciple and aim for high success. Which I totally disagree with because I feel as though I am the most disorganized person of all time and can never remember where I place things or can find them if that. Furthermore, I also disagreed because I find myself as a very well disciplined individual with structure and set high priorities for myself in my life to become successful. In addition, I did not quite agree with the category of openness to experience/Intelligent. As Rentfrow states, this category is supposed to say weather you have an appraising art, sentiment, voyage and unique concepts (Rentfrow). I had scored a 20 percentile stating that I have narrow interest and uncreative. Although I might be a tad bit of an uncreative side to myself, I don’t agree however it stating I have narrow interest, because I feel as though I always think out of the box about things and try and figure out problems before they even occur. For the most part of the personality test I would have to agree with what it is stating, especially for being an online data test it sure is precise on how it describes my personality as a single
I was surprised at the accuracy of the JUNG Typology Test and DISC Assessment. It
Assessments need to be reliable and valid, meaning that in order for information obtained by assessments to be useful, the assessments need to meet certain requirements. Reliability means that assessments need to be consistent. You can make an assessment reliable by giving different forms of the same test. The reliability of the assessment is confirmed