Surface plasmon resonance sensor is a promising optical sensor. In 1902, Wood discovered that there are loss of small area in the spectrum after the light beam passed through a grating[4]. This discovery has been intensified by many researchers. Until 1971, Kretschmann used a prism as a substrate and covered its bottom with thick metal film to achieve SPR detection [5]. Thereafter, SPR technology achieved great development. According to Liu and his colleagues in 2013, this prism based SPR sensor has been used in surface analysis, as well as chemical and biology detection. In 1993, Jorgenson and his colleagues were able to use optical fibers as the guide medium of light in SPR detection [6]. Then, many reports rapidly increased in the chemical, biological, environment and medicine fields [7-16].
Fiber optic SPR sensor has various advantages compared to conventional prism-based SPR sensor such as miniaturization, simplified optical design, remote sensing, high sensitivity due to SPR as well as real-time analysis and online detection [17]. Due to the structural particularity of optical fiber, propagation of light beam within it is very complex. Depend on the past experiences on fiber optic sensor, it was difficult to obtain high reliability and accuracy. Besides, the detection accuracy may decrease due to chromatic dispersion that exists in fiber optic SPR sensors. By using Maxwell’s equation, theoretical analysis of the sensing mechanism and calculation algorithms of all configurations were obtained [18, 19]. Recently, theoretical analysis on effect of the propagation of skew ray which occupies the most part of light beam in fiber optic SPR sensor is neglected [20]. On the other hand, simultaneous analysis of multiple samples has ...
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...t of the resonance angle with a change in the refractive index of the sensing layer can be used to determine the sensitivity of SPR sensor. The sensitivity of sensor is increasing if the shifts in resonance angle for a given refractive index change increase as shown in figure ggggg. The sensitivity of SPR sensor is defined as
S_n=(δϴ_res)/(δn_s )
As for detection accuracy or SNR of an SPR sensor, it depends on how precisely and accurately the sensor can detect the resonance angle and the refractive index of sensing layer. If the width of SPR curve is narrower, then the detection accuracy is much higher. Thus, if δ0.5 is the angular width of the SPR curve equivalent to reflectance 0.5, then the detection accuracy of the sensor can be assumed to be inversely proportional to δ0.5 (). The detection accuracy of the SPR sensor can be defined as
SNR=(δϴ_res)/(δϴ_0.5 )
Absorbance was defined as: log I_o/I where I_o is incident light and I is the transmitted light. Fluorescence emission spectrum is different from fluorescence excitation spectrum because it records different wavelengths of chemical s...
The analyzed yellow#5 wavelength was determined to 395nm because the actual wavelength 427nm was restricted in the Micro lab. The R2 value of the graph is 0.9827, and the level of data accuracy it indicated extremely weak data correlation. The first one dilution data points excluded from the standard curve because the point is not in the linear curve. The first concentration and absorbance value are the highest point in the graph that cannot connect as linear with another data point. After removing the first data point, the standard curve is clear and make
Tactile sensing is acquiring information via physical contact. Various parameters like pressure, position, temperature, shape, texture etc. can be measured using this. Despite being one of the five most crucial senses by which a being perceives its environment, comparatively not a lot of research has been done in this field with a scope of application in industries, especially robotics. This paper aims at briefly discussing the various techniques used in tactile sensing and then compares them. Next, different types of commercial tactile sensors, along with suitable performance criteria for their comparison are discussed. Finally, currently existing commercial sensors are talked about in detail, including the leading manufacturers, their products and the description of their data sheet.
Spectrophotometry is a widely used method to calculate how much light is absorbed by a chemical substance. This is done by measuring the intensity of light as it passes through a sample solution. The principle of this method is that a compound absorbs or transmits light over a certain wavelength from which the measurement can be used to calculate the concentration of a known chemical substance.
Before it can be used I had to calibrate the colorimeter. To do this I had to calibrate a colorimeter a cuvette filled with distilled water is placed into the colorimeter, the colorimeter in theory should then give a reading of the absorbance level being 0, this is because the water used in the calibration process is distilled and therefore should give a reading of 0, if not then it shows the equipment being used the experiment is either faulty or inaccurate. As all the light will pass
Based on the piezoelectric effect, the transducer’s function is to emit short pulses and receive echoes of the pulse, a process repeated “over a sequence of directions to cover a 2D sectional fie...
This transducer senses its surroundings by emitting and/or detecting infrared radiation (invisible electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths than those of visible light). They can also detect the person’s skin temperature through emitted black body radiation.
Table 3- % Transmittance Readings of Reduced DPIP. Percentages from the spectrophotometer are shown over a period of thirty minutes with five minute interval readings.
The concept of fiber optics is simple, yet it provides so many potentialities in the world of technology. Presently the world relies on fiber optical technology for its data and communications systems. The consumer can converse on the telephone and hear voices with clarity, as well as send and receive information on the Internet with ease. However, there still lay a sea of possibilities in this area of technology that has not yet been discovered.
Optocel fobir sinsurs eri viry ompurtent divocis tu ditict end munotur ounozong redoetoun on naclier besid tichnulugois sach es ondastroel redougrephy, naclier midoconi, specicreft end setilloti onstramintetoun, end elsu on naclier puwir fecolotois. Riloeboloty uf uthir cunvintounel redoetoun diticturs on speci end tirristroel epplocetoun os mach effictid by ilictrumegnitoc ontirfirinci end ixpusari tu fori end ixplusoun putintoel hezerds. Huwivir thi fanctouneloty uf uptocel fobir et ixtrimily hogh dusi redoetoun stoll e chellingi whiri redoetoun ondacid ettinaetoun cen bi oncriesid fur pirmenint demegi uf thi sinsur. Thiri os e niid tu divilup e niw sinsong metiroel woth smell dominsoun end luw mess sach es songli mudi soloce uptocel fobirs sinsurs woth bittir risostenci tu ilictrumegnitoc end naclier redoetoun. Thos pepir rivoiws ricint fondongs on dupong uthir ilimints sach es sach Gi tu thisi soloce uptocel fobirs tu ridaci thi redoetoun ondacid ettinaetoun end oncriesi thi eccarecy miesarimint uf ounozong redoetoun . Intrudcatoun uf dupents govis sinsurs muri griet putintoel tu bi asid on hogh redoetoun invorunmints.
The sum of all values in the confusion matrix is equal to 30% of our dataset because that is the portion of instances we reserved for testing. We can get the True Positive rate which is the portion of instances correctly identified in the positive class, using the formula TP/(TP+FN)=99/(99+89)=.53. The False Positive rate, which is the number correctly identified in the negative class, is calculated as FP / (FP + TN)=73/(73+181)=.29. Precision is calculated as TP / (TP + FP)=99/(99+73)=58. Finally, the F-measure is calculated as (2*TP) / (2*TP + FP + FN)=(2*99)/(2*99+73+89)=.55. These are good evaluators but they are all single threshold
The index of refraction is defined as the speed of light in vacuum divided by the speed of light in the medium. In this experiment, the index of refraction for the perspex is 1.50. Snell's Law relates the indices of refraction of the two media to the directions of propagation in terms of the angles to the normal. It refers to the relationship between the different angles of light as it passes from one transparent medium to another. When light passes from one transparent medium to another, it bends according to Snell's law which states: [IMAGE] where: n1 is the refractive index of the medium the light is leaving, n2 is the refractive index of the medium the light is entering, sin 2 is the is the incident angle between the light ray and the normal to the medium to medium interface, sin 1 is the refractive angle between the light ray and the normal to the medium to medium interface.
Now in order to understand how lights is able to be refracted in different angles, it is important to understand the Snell’s Law which states that, the refractive angle always depend on the refractive index of both media. Now, the refractive index keeps on changing depending on the wavelength of the light passing through. Light, as we know, it is a wave that has different wavelength. Each wavelength represents a different color. Thus, different colors will have different refractive index when passed through the same media. It is important to note that light is normally refracted twice when it travels through a prism, first on its way in, and when it is going back.
Investigating What Factors Affect Reflection Prediction: The angle of incidence is proportional to the angle of Refraction. Angle I Angle r 10 6 20 14 30 21 40 28 50 34 60 39 70 44 80 47 Results: Angle I Angle r 10 8 20 15 30 20 40 28 50 33 60 38 70 42 80 47 Averages of both results: Angle I = ==
DSLR cameras are not only meant for the very seasoned photographers and professional photographers. DSLR cameras are also for all those photography enthusiasts who seek much more than megapixel and ISO ratings. The DSLR cameras are also meant for those users who have not been using individual cameras at all apart from their smartphone cameras, but have outgrown that stage and want to go for high quality cameras. This is also true for the compact camera users, as they are outgrown very quickly. In simple words, DSLR cameras can also suit beginners or general photography hobbyists.