Question:
What is the effect of acids and bases on apple oxidation?
Background Information:
Apple discoloring, is the process of the skin turning brown when bruised and exposed to air. The browning is due to oxygen, O2, reacting with chemicals which breaks down the cells in the fruit. The reaction is called enzymatic oxidation a process that is started by the enzymes that are present in the apples which starts the browning process of the apple. However, the enzymes are quickly destroyed by chemicals or by high heat. Vitamin C, being a highly reactive anti-oxidant, reacts with the oxygen in the which prevents and slows down the enzymatic oxidation of the apples.
Acids and bases can have various strength. One acid can be stronger than another. The pH scale measures the strength of acids and bases. This scale goes from 1 to 14. 1 is the strongest acid and 6 is the weakest, 8 is the weakest base and 14 is the strongest. 7 is neutral—neither an acid nor a base. The pH of water is 7. The pH of a substance can be measured by indicators. One such indicator is litmus paper — yellowish paper covered by a solution that turns different colors depending on the pH of the substance.
Acids release a hydrogen ion into water (aqueous) solution. You will usually see the formula for an acid with the ionizable hydrogen at the beginning, such as HCl, hydrochloric acid, or H(C2H3O2), acetic acid. Acids neutralize bases in a neutralization reaction. An acid and a base combine to make a salt and water. A salt is any ionic compound that could be made with the anion of an acid and the cation of a base. The hydrogen ion of the acid and the hydroxide ion of the base unite to form water.
Hypothesis
If I put apple slices in a bag with a certain liqu...
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Acids, Bases and pH. (n.d.). About.com Chemistry. Retrieved February 18, 2014, from http://chemistry.about.com/od/acidsbase1/tp/Acids-Bases-And-Ph.htm
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CHEMTUTOR ACIDS AND BASES. (n.d.). CHEMTUTOR ACIDS AND BASES. Retrieved February 16, 2014, from http://www.chemtutor.com/acid.htm
(n.d.). Retrieved from - http://www.palmbeachschools.org/pc/SciFair1010/documents.2014_Sci_Coord_Handbook.pdf
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...ost likely to be battery acid. If it is water, it has a Ph level of around 7. For vinegar, the Ph level is approximately 2.4 - 3.4. Thus, once testing the liquid compare it with the Ph levels above to discover the mystery solution.
Hydrochloric acid is the clear colourless solutions of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in water, hydrochloric acid is also a highly corrosive substance and a strong mineral acid meaning they are formed from inorganic compounds, hydrochloric acid is a monoprotic acid meaning that it can only ionize one H+ ion. As a result hydrochloric acid can be used in a wide range of industrial practices such as removing rust from steel, ore processing, the production of corn syrup and making of PVC plastics. Hydrochloric acid is made using a very straight forward method which involves dissolving hydrogen chloride (HCl) in water, releasing the H+ cation and Cl- anion. In this aqueous form the H+ ion joins water to form a hydronium ion (H3O+)
Most substances fall on a scale ranging from the most acidic to the the most basic with neutral substances falling somewhere in the middle. Scientists call this the pH scale. pH levels are measured in numbers,0 to 14. The closer a substance is to zero the more acidic it would be. The closer to 14 the more basic a substance would be.Now what defines an acid and a base, one might ask? There are three ways of defining acids, each singling out a specific property. The first theory is the Arrhenius Theory with states, that an acid is a substance that produces the ion H+ when in a water solution, while a base is a substance which produces the ion OH- when in a water solution. Examples of an Arrhenius acid are HCl and HNO3. Examples of an Arrhenius base are NaOH and AlOH3.
We have to emphasize the importance of memorizing certain names and formulas and some prefixes and suffixes that are used in building a system of nomenclature. From there on, it is a matter of applying the system to different names and formulas you meet. The summary all the ideas that will be presented in this essay help you to learn the nomenclature system.
Our first goal in Project 7 was to determine what our three unknown solutions were. We did this through a series of tests. Our first test was a series of anion tests. We performed anion tests to determine whether any of the following anions were present in our solution: chloride, sulfate, nitrate, carbonate, and acetate. Our first solution, labeled as B, had only the chloride test come out positive. The next solution, C, tested positive for acetate, as did our last solution, E. We next performed anion tests. These included flame test, as well as an ammonium test. For the flame test, certain cations turn flames different colors, so we used this knowledge to test to see which cations could be present in our solutions. During this test, the only solution that appeared to turn the flame any color was solution C, which turned the flame bright orange, indicating the sodium ion was present. This led us to the conclusion that solution C was sodium acetate. We next performed an ammonium test, which involved mixing our solutions with sodium hydroxide, and smelling the resulting solution in order to detect an ammonia smell. Solution B was identified as smelling like ammonia, indicating the presence of the ammonium cation. From this, we identified solution B as ammonium chloride. We next checked the pH of all three of the solutions, first by using litmus paper. Solution C was slightly basic, solution E and B were both acidic, with a pH around 4. Since we knew that solution E had acetate, and was acidic, and did not turn the flame any color, we determined it was acetic acid, as none of the ions in acetic acid would turn a flame any color.
Singh, R. Paul. "Sugar (chemical Compound)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2014. Web. 29 Apr. 2014.
Hydrochloric Acid, Sodium Thiosulphate Reaction. Research: What is the difference between Hydrochloric acid is a strong colourless acid formed when hydrogen chloride gas dissociates in water, used in industrial and laboratory. processes. The.
strong acid or base does not necessarily yield a drastic jump in pH. The acid
In Chemistry 221, we are learning how to name acids. In this lab we used hydrochloric acid (HCl), the reason I knew it was called “hydrochloric” was due to the rules of naming acids. When there is no oxygen involved, the “hydro” prefix is put in front, followed by the root of the second element (which happened to be chlorine) and then add the suffix –ic at the end.
Acid-Base balance is the state of equilibrium between proton donors and proton acceptors in the buffering system of the blood that is maintained at approximately pH 7.35 to 7.45 under normal conditions in arterial blood. It is important to regulate chemical balance or homeostasis of body fluids. Acidity or alkalinity has to be regulated. An acid is a substance that lets out hydrogen ions in solution. Strong acid like hydrochloric acid release all or nearly all their hydrogen ions and weak acids like carbonic acid release some hydrogen ions.
Reaction Between Hydrochloric Acid and Magnesium Introduction In the reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium. Hydrochloric acid will dissolve the magnesium and produce hydrogen. gas. The sand is All chemical reactions involve reactants which when mixed may cause a chemical reactions which will make products. In my case, the reactants are hydrochloric acid and magnesium ribbon.
Electrical conductivity refers to a substances ability to carry moving electrons (conduct electricity). In order to do so, there must be a supply of delocalised electrons. While in a solid state, ionic substances can not conduct electricity as there are no delocalised electrons or free/mobile ions to act as charge carriers. In an aqueous ionic solution, the H2O molecules break apart the crystal lattice structure of the ionic substance into individual ions, surrounding each ion in a jacket of hydration. Below is the equation that describes the dissociation of NaCl when in H2O solvent.
An alkali is a soluble base and forms hydroxyl ions (OH-) when placed in water. It can be called a proton acceptor and will accept hydrogen ions to form H2O. An example of an alkali is Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH). Neutralization Reaction:- [IMAGE]Acid + Alkali Salt + Water [IMAGE]Hydrochloric acid + Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Chloride + Water [IMAGE]HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) [IMAGE]H+ (aq) +
Hydrochloric acid is a strong and corrosive acid that is often used as a reagent in laboratories.
The simplest experiment for this type of situation would be to use red and blue litmus paper to distinguish between acids, bases and salts. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) makes blue litmus paper change color going from blue to red, making it an acid. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) makes red litmus paper change color going from red to blue, making it a base. Sodium chloride solution (NaCl) is neutral, since it would only soak blue and red litmus paper, considering that it is a by product of when an acid and a base mix together, neutralizing each other.