With American soldiers returning home from the battlefield, the desire to return to a life of normalcy was greater than ever during the post-war world of the 1950s. In attempts to create this “American Dream”, many women who had joined the workforce to help the war effort were encouraged by popular culture to leave their jobs and return to a quieter life. Meanwhile as the construction of suburbs began to spread, new social stereotypes were born with it as well. The ideal look for the average American middle-class family during the 1950s was pictured as a family of 4 with beautifully-groomed lawns as the man of the house worked a job from 7-6 and the mom stayed at home looking after their two children. These social stereotypes were promoted …show more content…
During the 1950s women were viewed to be incapable of independence and dependent on the men. Although contrary to the social pressure, some women did not get married and instead decided to pursue their education or work a job. The majority of women, unlike the small percentage went and got married and had children, which resulted in them feeling unhappy. Friedan, who was also a housewife had the similar problem to which she found an answer. As stated in her quote Friedan believed that women should to look to education to get out of “the trap”. She then later implies the explanation that even though society made higher education for women look “suspect, unnecessary and even dangerous...” American women needed to take action and break the social norm to challenge the idea of female existence just for being homemakers. But, if American women chose to ignore Friedan’s warning then they would never be able to find themselves just as independent and equal to men. With this warning Friedan hoped that the female readers of the 1950s would take on this idea and start to break the social norm of women being pictured as dependent and less significant than
Elaine Tyler May's Homeward Bound weaves two traditional narratives of the fifties -- suburban domesticity and rampant anticommunism -- into one compelling historical argument. Aiming to ascertain why, unlike both their parents and children, postwar Americans turned to marriage and parenthood with such enthusiasm and commitment, May discovers that cold war ideology and the domestic revival [were] two sides of the same coin: postwar Americans' intense need to feel liberated from the past and secure in the future. (May, p. 5-6, 10) According to May, "domestic containment" was an outgrowth of the fears and aspirations unleashed after the war -- Within the home, potentially dangerous social forces of the new age might be tamed, where they could contribute to the secure and fulfilling life to which postwar women and men aspired.(May, p. 14) Moreover, the therapeutic emphases of fifties psychologists and intellectuals offered private and personal solutions to social problems. The family was the arena in which that adaptation was expected to occur; the home was the environment in which people could feel good about themselves. In this way, domestic containment and its therapeutic corollary undermined the potential for political activism and reinforced the chilling effects of anticommunism and the cold war consensus.(May, p.14)
(It should be noted that the following discussion of these social developments is primarily of the general, dominant, white, middle-class American and does not address trends related to race or ethnicity.) Stephanie Coontz does just this in her book, The Way We Really Are: Coming to Terms with America’s Changing Families. She addresses the several trends that have been misguidedly converted into the popularized images we hold of the 1950s. Indeed, begins Coontz in her argument, the 1950s was a decade in which “greater optimism did exist…even among many individuals and groups who were in terrible circumstances” (Coontz, 1997: 35). The postwar economic boom was
During WWII, women took over the work force, and had such inspirations as Rosie the Riveter. This created a generation of women who wanted more out of life than birthing children, and keeping a nice home for their husband. The end of the war, however, brought with it a decrease of working women. In the 1950’s the rate of working women had slightly rebounded to 29% following the post-war decrease in 1945. These women were well rounded, working outside the home, and still having dinner on the table by 5PM.
It was expected of women to get married, have children, buy a suburban home and do housework. The video, “A Word to the Wives” displays what Betty Friedan calls, “the feminine mystique”. The video presents the dilemma of a woman who is not happy because she does not have the newest house. Her friend has all the new “necessities” in order to successfully complete housework. Women were defined by what they had, not by who they were. Friedan’s research found that despite fulfilling the “feminine mystique”, when women were questioned they realized they were not truly satisfied with their life. The woman in the video would not of been fulfilled by buying a new house, or object. Women were deprived of the need to put their skills and talents to a purpose. The video, “Are You Popular” also shows the expectations of women.. It promotes that appearance, serving others, and rewarding men with “women” gifts such as baking is how to be popular. It condones girls for “parking in cars” but accepts men who do the same thing. Women must earn the approval of men, and men must earn women by doing thing women are “incapable” of. The repression of women in the 50’s is what eventually causes the “outbreak” of feminism in the 60’s. The idolism of the “female mystique” covered the sexism against women in the
Friedan points out that, "They [men] have an unprecedented freedom to choose the kind of work they will do; they also have an unprecedented amount of time apart from the hours and days that must actually be spent in making a living. And suddenly one realizes the significance of today's identity crisis." (790). Friedan also explains the difference in the times of the pioneer days, when women were more respected and did more, to her present time. When women were no longer needed to be doing hard work and were simply tasked with staying in their homes to raise their children. "These women were respected and self-respecting members of society whose pioneering purpose centered in the home. Strength and independence, responsibility and self-confidence, self-discipline and courage, freedom and equality were part of the American character for both men and women, in all the first generations."(791). The way Friedan conveys the past standards helped her pave the way to her main argument of women having identity crisis's. Because the order of the text was old standards of the American woman, it made sense when Friedan started explaining how things were for her in that time. After explaining the societal standards, Friedan went on to explain why women deserve to do more than only becoming a
“Gender” refers to the cultural construction of whether one is female, male, or something else (Kottak 2013: 209). Typically, based on your gender, you are culturally required to follow a particular gender norm, or gender role. Gender roles are the tasks and activities a culture assigns to the sexes (Kottak 213: 209). The tasks and activities assigned are based upon strongly, seized concepts about male and female characteristics, or gender stereotypes. Gender stereotypes…are oversimplified but strongly upheld ideas about bout the characteristics of males and females (Kottak 2013: 209).
However, social conditions made it less feasible for families to live this way. As the 1960s approached and consumption was in high demand, women were yet again, forced to join the work force; but only a quarter of the women joined the workforce, whereas in the 1990s about “two-thirds of women who had children were in the work force (Coontz 55). Coontz (1997) explains how by 1973, “real wages were falling for young families, and by the late 1970s, government effectiveness had decreased (Coontz 54). It was because of economic factors that the nuclear bread-winning family could only be a lifestyle a few can afford. Nonetheless, women joining the workforce created a new understanding of women-hood, changed women’s status in society, and created conflict within the household. Women did not have the time to complete all the household tasks which contributed to the increased divorce rates, but left women happier due to the fact that they had that ultimate
As mentioned before, sociologists Coontz and Hochschild further elaborate upon Parsons and Bales’ concepts of the American family, but they mostly critique the idea of the male-breadwinner family. One of the main arguments Coontz and Hochschild present is the decline of the male-breadwinner family due to the economic changes of the United States and the arising social norms of consumerism. Because Parsons and Bales never considered how the changes throughout society would affect family, they believed the male-breadwinner family would continue to be a functional type of family for everyone. However, within her text, “What We Really Miss about the 1950s,” Coontz specifically discusses the major expense of keeping mothers at home as consumption norms...
It is hard to believe that women only 60 years ago were still viewed and inferior to males and had little to no rights to protect themselves. When men returned from World War II some men resulted to domestically violate as a way of punishing his wife for something she did and to affirm dominance that he previously lost. Assaults that were inflicted on to women during the 1950s were seen being a part of male aggression and something that is normal. Women who did report the crime were viewed as being the actually perpetrators and the assault was actually their fault because they were unable to defend themselves. Domestic abuse during the 1950s was not considered as a crime but as a family matter, and law enforcement would not get involved. Since women were unable to defend themselves from abuse and assaults during the 1950s, the excuse that it was the woman’s fault was an excuse that was popularly used.
One of the biggest changes in American families has been divorce and the single-parent families. In the article “What is a Family?”, Pauline Irit Erera argues that after World War 11, is when the major changes in families begun. Women were already accustomed to having jobs and working while their men were away during the war, and when the men all came back is when things started to change. Erera says, “The movement for gender equality led to increased employment opportunities for women, while at the same time declining wage rates for unskilled male workers made them less desirable marriage partners.” (Ere...
The women that Friedan is describing in The Feminine Mystique was a middle-class suburban housewife. Much like Friedan herself who is suburban housewife living in Long Island. Friedan interviewed 28 wives ranging from young wives who quit college to become housewives to women in their thirties to late forties some of which had graduated college. Only one of the housewives she interviewed worked professionally in the paid workforce. She writes “the suburban housewife is being denied their gifts”.
The 60’s was certainly a time of women’s curiosity and venture outside of the norm “homemaker” role. Women not only found pleasure in the world, but in themselves as a whole and as a woman. Sex and the Single Girl by Helen Gurley Brown played an important role here as her intent was to guide women - or more specifically the single woman - in her pursuit of independence and pleasure. Sex and the Single Girl most definitely lead the readers on to believe that it was to empower women; even to break away from the norm and advocate the unattached female. My response will focus on the contradictory nature the guidebook, and other literature like Cosmopolitan, create when advising a woman to do and be something on the one hand while having an underlying message on the other.
Even though experts agree that forcing children to fit into traditional gender stereotypes can be harmful, traditional roles still exist in today's society because those roles are burned into everyone’s brains and people still try to fit society’s expectations. In the 1920s came an era where women were wanting to get out of the traditional roles and more into the world. Woman wanted careers where they matter. The women of the twentieth century brought a new way to look at women, they became more of a commanding force (Riley).
Due to the idealization of domesticity in media, there was a significantly stagnant period of time for women’s rights between 1945 and 1959. Women took over the roles for men in the workplace who were fighting abroad during the early 1940s, and a strong, feminist movement rose in the 1960s. However, in between these time periods, there was a time in which women returned to the home, focusing their attention on taking care of the children and waiting on their husband’s every need. This was perpetuated due to the increasing popularity of media’s involvement in the lives of housewives, such as the increasing sales of televisions and the increase in the number of sexist toys. During America’s involvement in World War Two, which spanned from 1941 until 1945, many men went off to fight overseas.
Honey, I’m home! The image brought up in most Americans heads when thinking about the 1950s included pastel color schemed houses, sunny lanes, friendly neighbors, and smiling, apron-clad wives. During most of American history, and especially during the 1950s, women were faced with social pressures to remain as the house keeper and raise the children, an essential position in the typical nuclear family. This tenacious stereotype created the idea of the “ideal woman” to give women a clear picture of what they were supposed to imitate as their proper role in society. Thus, the nostalgia for the 1950s and 1960s is in part for the secure and happy nuclear families and spawns from “the memories of a particular group of Americans who have exercised