Theory and Concept of Test
Brightness of paper is important to determine and understand because the brightness of paper will directly affect the print quality and color of a job. Brightness is different from “whiteness” of paper in that a “bright” paper can be blue, red, green, or any other color since the test measures the amount of diffused light reflected from the surface, as opposed to the amount of the visible spectrum reflected. Brightness of paper, as defined in Tappi T452, is determined by the percentage reflectance of blue light measured at 457nm by comparing the sample to an ideal white standard (Goyal,2000). There are 2 methods used to test the brightness of paper. Tappi T452 describes a method in which the sample is illuminated at a 45o angle and measured through a blue (457nm) filter. However this method is prone to inconsistency as the instrument is sensitive to the surface of the paper, and therefore requires consistent grain direction orientation for every sample. The ISO brightness tester uses diffused light to illuminate a large area of the sample which results in a measurement that is almost completely independent of the surface of the paper (Wilson,1998). Paper brightness is enhanced using optical brighteners and fluorescent dyes because they emit blue visible light when exposed to ultraviolet light in its surrounding illumination (Wilson,1998). However, optical brighteners are less effective on papers with high lignin content, therefore fluorescent dyes are preferred. Bleached paper fibers will result in a paper with lower opacity which requires the addition of fillers and pigments (Wilson,1998).
Expected Outcome and Educational Gains
Paper with high lignin content (such as newsprint) is expected to have a ...
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...ttention will likely require a higher brightness paper, however jobs such as newspapers and some books do not require high brightness paper as minimum eye strain is achieved with low brightness papers. Some books may require high brightness paper, while others prefer a softer shade. Paper for optical character recognition documents require minimum brightness levels to be permissible.
Works Cited
Wilson A. Lawrence. (1998). What the Printer should know about paper. GATFPress. Pittsburgh.
Field G. Gary. (1999). Color and Its Reproduction. GATFPress. Pittsburgh.
Goyal Hari. (2000). Properties of Paper. In Pulp & Paper Resources on the Web. Retrieved January 24, 2010, from http://www.paperonweb.com/paperpro.htm.
M-Real. (2006). Euroart Plus. In M-Real. Retrieved January 24, 2010, from http://www.m-real.com/arealadvantage/english/productrange/productrange.html.
Lighting is important in photography. Both need light, but in different ways. Cyanotypes uses sunlight to cause a chemical reaction that turns the blue dye of the paper into a pale color. Then, the paper that is under the object still has the blue dye until it gets washed and the object printed turns white and the rest of the paper turns blue. If we look at polaroid cameras, they also use light to get the image on the film. They also have flash in case it is dark. For digital cameras and phone cameras, we use lighting to get a good picture since a picture would look bad when it is dark. We also have different settings and filters to use and adjust to take a good
... samples before the incubation of 108 seconds. Then the 100 µL of colour reagent was put to the sample, merged and incubated for further 10 minutes. The absorbance at 615nm and 700nm wavelengths was calculated on the samples in the Cobas analyser and the sample concentration was measure according to :
In Charlotte Bronte’s’, The Yellow Wallpaper the narrator is healthy until her husband, John moves her into a new house where she is confined and is in solitude. The Yellow Wallpaper makes Charlotte Bronte go mad, mentally and physically. Charlotte’s husband, John believes since she is sickly he should confine her in an attic with a cure called The Rest Cure which means the patient can not do anything but sit around their room all day. I chose this story because of the intense amount of detail in the room as well as with Bronte’s rapidly changing personality.
If a substance has color, then you can determine its concentration by light absorption which is when light is being taken up by an object or spectrum. The Beer-Lambert Law is commonly used to find the absorbance (A) of light in a solution by multiplying the molar absorption coefficient ( ε ) ( how well a chemical absorbs light at a given wavelength ), the concentration ( C ) and the path of the light through the sample solution ( l ). The equation for this relationship is “ A=εCl ”. The color of the solution is determined by the color of light the molecules do not absorb, so, say if you had a blue colored solution, then the color of light will be orange. This is because the highest molar absorption coefficient for blue dye falls around 620 nanometer which is the orange part of the visible electromagnetic spectrum.
Charlotte Gilman’s “The Yellow Wall-paper” In January of 1892, author Charlotte Perkins Gilman published her short story, “The Yellow Wall-paper” in The New England Magazine. Gilman’s work illustrates the public perception of woman’s health in the 19th century and is considered to be an important part of early American feminist literature. During the 19th century women were confined to the idea of the “ideal” woman and the “domestic sphere.” According to Barbara Welter, in her 1966 paper entitled “The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860,” an ideal woman embodied piety, domesticity, pureness and submissiveness.
“The Yellow Wallpaper” was first published in the 19th century by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and was rediscovered in the 20th century. The author is best known for her work and advocacy in political inequality and social justice, but she is greatly acknowledged for her writings on women rights in mirage. According to the main character and narrator of the story, the conventionally accepted nineteenth-century middle-class marriage, which defined a fine line between the functions of the female (primarily domestic housewife) and the working and bossy male led to the lack of full developmental potential of women in society.
The Rosewood Report describes how white mobs reign as a terror against African Americans during the period 1917 to 1923.
In the rosewood and racial violence in January 1923 lynching was common in the u’s but in the south of the united states two years before representative l.c. dyer of the Missouri introduced a bill in the house of representatives to make lynching federal crime. Dyer acted out as a voice for blacks the bill passed the house but not the south they prevented a vote resulting in the measure’s leaving the state to deal with the lynching. Although lynching had died down by sixty-four in 1921, 1922 fifty-seven years ended and lynching had fifty-one victims that were black and six that were white. That something I don’t understand fifty-one black’s not to count the ones that were gunned down and I believe that most of them that died did not have anything to do with it the stuff they deserve was harsh.lynchings,shoutings,burning,and whatever else they was just harsh. In 1923 there were several murdered. The first week of January, rosewood was the center that became a riot, massacre, between the races causing a race war between the two.
0,74 0,87 1,00 0,49 100... ... middle of paper ... ... some groups had got different leakage of the pigment in the test tubes with water.
“The Yellow Wall Paper” is the story about a journey of a woman who is suffering from a nervous breakdown, descending into madness through her “rest cure” treatment. Basically, the woman is not allowed to read, write or to see her new-born baby. Charlotte Perkins Gilman captures the essence of this journey into madness by using the first person narration. The story plot’s is by taking the reader through the horrors of one woman’s neurosis to make strong statements about the oppression faced by women in their marriage roles. The narrator’s mental condition is characterized by her meeting with the wallpaper in her room. In addition to the story’s plot, the use of symbolism and irony throughout her story also show how males dominate during her time.
The Yellow Wall Paper was full of intimacy and immediacy. This story was written in first-person narrator. In the beginning of the story, the narrator appears to be same and believable. This story is about an unknown female and husband “John” who was a physician trying to cure his wife. It seems that intellectual stimulation was no good for his spouse physically and psychologically.
Likewise, the paper should be thick enough to stand up to the water that ...
The basic process of making paper has not changed in more than 2000 years. It involves two stages: the breaking up of raw materials in water to make a suspension of individual fibbers and the formation of felted sheets by spreading this suspension on a porous surface, to drain excess water. The essential steps of papermaking by machine are identical with those of hand papermaking just much more complex. The first step in machine papermaking is the preparation of the raw material. For centuries, the main raw materials used in papermaking were cotton and linen fibbers obtained from rags. Today more than 95 percent of paper is made from wood cellulose. Wood is used mainly for the cheapest grades of paper, such as newsprint. Cotton and linen fibbers are still used for high quality writing and artist’s papers. Many kinds of wood can be used such as aspen, beach, birch fir, gum, hemlock, oak, pine, and spruce.
Technology in the twentieth century is quickly evolving, through rapidly changing innovations. Although, the term “modern technology” is often associated with present day, “modern technology” has quickly become obsolete in a matter of months. Furthermore, the evolution of computer components has become more hi-tech, offering more up-to-date hardware to be used in our everyday life. A keyboard is a piece of computer hardware comprised of a set of keys similar to a typewriter. Although, additional keys are offered to the computer keyboard; standard keyboard entries are imputed in QUERTY format. Keyboards are the driving force of data entry in computers; alongside the innovative speak to text device and scanner. Advanced keyboards have developed wireless capability that allows use from a distance. The modern technological development of the laser projection keyboard has offered access to mobile devices (smart phones, tablets etc.), provides enhanced user convenience, and has opened the door to further developments in technology and data input.
The reason light intensity is being used compared to whether or not a plant needs light. It is because The experiment wants to show that the rates of photosynthesis will vary according to how much light from a light bulb will be trapped in. the chloroplasts, in the leaf. The more energy trapped the more efficient a chemical reaction can take place and the speed of photosynthesis will increase. There are many things which can affect the photosynthesis of a plant such as light intensity, temperature and carbon dioxide levels.